Цифровизация и производительность труда

Abstract

The article discusses a wide range of problems associated with the introduction of digital technologies in all sectors of the economy and society in the United States and other developed countries belonging to the OECD. First of all, attention is drawn to the fact that digitalization has become the core of the fourth industrial revolution, which fully unfolded in the third millennium. In US statistics, the reflection of information industries began in 2000. These industries in turn formed the basis for the spread of digital technology through the Internet. The US Bureau of Economic Analysis proposed its definition and methods for measuring digitalization using the KLEMS model. Together with OECD experts, American researchers included in the digital economy both the production of goods and the production of services — computers, software, telecommunications equipment, buildings and facilities for placing equipment and companies, the Internet of Things (IoT) and all machines that interact via the Internet, as well as supporting services - both digital and technical equipment maintenance. Over the past decades, the growth rate of the digital economy has exceeded four times the average annual growth rate of US GDP. In the works of scientists from the United States and other countries, considerable attention is paid to identifying the complex influence of digital technologies - artificial intelligence, computer technologies (big data, cloud technologies, blockchain, etc.), robots, smart machines, machine learning, quantum technologies and computers - on human perspectives of civilization. Artificial intelligence takes a key place in the digitalization process. Therefore, many well-known scientists from the United States and other countries devote their work to the study of artificial intelligence from an economic point of view. Any progress, including digitalization, leads to an increase in labor productivity. It happens today. However, the so-called “Solow paradox” is confirmed, which consists in the fact that productivity growth takes place primarily in the digital economy sectors, to a lesser extent it affects the productivity gains of the entire national economy. At the same time, digitalization raises the problem of how to measure labor productivity in new conditions. The particular concern of the population is the widespread introduction of artificial intelligence, training machines, robots, and other similar products into various sectors of the economy. No country wants social tension due to the threat of unemployment. The EU countries, the USA, Japan, and the People's Republic of China intensively prepare people for mastering new professions; they are developing retraining programs for personnel in both the private and public sectors. Man creates new technologies, new areas of activity. Man created artificial intelligence, which is not opposed to the human intellect, but complements it. The mind of man is irreplaceable. People will work together to find answers to the challenges of digitalization.