ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЧИННИКІВ ВПЛИВУ НА ТРУДОВУ МІГРАЦІЮ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ БАГАТОРІВНЕВОГО ПІДХОДУ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ВІДНОСИН УКРАЇНА – ПОЛЬЩА)

Abstract

The article researches the problems of labor migration in the context of the Sustainable Development Goal 8 "Decent Work and Economic Growth". It has been established that labor migration is more effective and can contribute to the Sustainable Development Goal 8 if it is considered a temporary phenomenon and is followed by the return of migrant workers to their homeland. Factors of labor migration are investigated. To analyze the factors influencing labor migration, a three-level approach is applied, which corresponds to the concept of Sustainable Development State-Human-Business (on the example of Ukraine-Poland relations). At the macro level, the factors of state influence based on the Push and Pull theory of migration are studied. According to Push and Pull theory, population migration is influenced by factors that displace people from their country of residence and factors that attract them to another country. These two groups of factors are considered on the example of the phenomenon of labor migration from Ukraine to Poland. As a result, it was concluded that the labor market of Ukraine has powerful economic, political, labor and social push factors that push the population to earn money abroad. These are low wages, lack of jobs, military conflict, high levels of corruption in government, low living standards, social protection and health care. At the meso level, the difference in wages in Ukraine and Poland by economic sectors is analyzed. It is established that despite the fact that salaries in Poland are much higher than in Ukraine, there is a list of jobs for which wages are close to Polish wages and allow representatives of these professions to work in the homeland without economic losses. At the nano level, a comparison of the costs of Ukrainian migrants in Poland and Ukraine was calculated and compared. From the calculations it was concluded that the cost of living in Poland exceeds the cost of living in Ukraine, which should be taken into account by migrant workers when deciding on migration. The application of a three-tier approach can serve as a basis for decision-making at each of these levels separately and in the State-Human-Business system as a whole.