Сучасний стан вивчення ініціальних ґрунтів та ініціального ґрунтоутворення (анатлітичний огляд)

Abstract

On the basis of elaboration and analysis of literary sources, a modern state of scientific research on evolution, genesis, distribution, morphology, classification of initial soils and peculiarities of initial soil formation, in general, has been established. There are three main discussion directions in modern scientific researches, in particular, the issues of terminology (change of its semantic content with the development of new concepts in soil science), morphological features and genesis of initial soils. A detailed analysis of available factual materials with authorial modifi cations allowed to form the following evolutionary series: embryonic (germinal) soils – the soil-like body (kurumy) - primary (incipient) – primitive (young) – weakly developed soils. Embryonic soils are organo-mineral layers with a thickness of up to 1 cm, dark brown, dark gray homogeneous color, which are closely adjacent to the dense rock and severely separated, have no signs of division into horizons and are formed under lithophilic groups and lichens. They form separate spots (up to 1 m), confi ned to small depressions, cracks within the rock. Further development of the embryonic process due to the settlement of leaf lichens, the combination of the processes of pedogenesis and lithogenesis cause the formation of Kurums with an organogenic layer thickness of up to 3 cm, which lies directly on a dense rocky rock and is easily separated from it. There are no signs of division into genetic horizons. The soil-like bodies (Kurum) are fragmentarily combined with the weakly developed soils zones within cracks and clefts and embryonic soils. The placement of the moss layer prepared during the embryonic stage intensifies the processes of accumulation of organic matter and the growth of soils upwards. Under the mosses on the dense rocks, the primary (initial) soils are formed. These soils have the power of the organogenic horizon up to 10 cm and marked signs of differentiation on the soil horizons. Settlements on mosses of meadow grass, turf crops, shrubs cause an increase in the power of the organogenic horizon to 20 cm with the allocation of genetic horizons that lie on a dense rock without signs of the development and formation of eluvial deposits. Such signs are characteristic of primitive (young) soils. Key words: initial soils, initial soils formation, the soil-like body, embryonic soils.