Μελέτη νανοσωλήνων άνθρακα ως καταλυτικών υποστρωμάτων

Abstract

Since their discovery in 1991, Carbon Nano-Tubes (CNTs) continue to draw significant attention due to their various potential applications, deriving from their extraordinary structural, electronic and mechanical properties. Thus, several methods of production of CNTs have been reported. The main goal of this research was the investigation of the influence of catalytic and operational parameters on the rate of growth and quality of CNTs via the process of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of ethylene. Deposition experiments were carried out in a thermogravimetric hot-wall reactor , which enables continuous monitoring of the evolution of carbon mass with time. The products of the deposition comprised mainly Multi-Wall Carbon Nano-Tubes (MWCNTs) and they were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Transmission Electron Microscopy and Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis were also employed. A series of Fe2O3/Al2O3 catalysts prepared by different methods were investigated under conditions of synthesis of CNTs. Controlled explosive burning (CEB) of precursor compounds was found to be the most effective method of preparation of the catalyst with respect to rate of deposition and yield of CNTs. This result has been attributed to the presence of hematite particles of small diameter on the catalyst. The presence of hydrogen in the gas feed mixture, even at small concentration, proved to be beneficial for the rate of production of MWCNTs. Yield and quality of MWCNTs depend on the concentration of the carbon source (ethylene) in the feed mixture and on temperature of deposition. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal reaction temperature was proved to be 650 0C. It was also found that ethylene CVD process is more productive than acetylene CVD process, under identical experimental conditions. MWCNTs were also grown on a series of X % wt Fe2O3/Al2O3 catalysts by thermal cracking of ethylene at 650 0C. The above catalysts with composition ranging from 0 to 100 % wt Fe2O3 were prepared by controlled explosive burning (CEB) of their nitrate precursors. Results show that the final yield and quality of the MWCNTs are highly dependent on the iron oxide concentration of the catalyst. The optimal iron oxide loading was found to be 75%wt, which led to a yield of ~2000 % relative to the initial weight of the catalyst. This result was attributed to the formation of large number of active sites for CNTs growth as well as to the high dispersion of the Fe2O3 phase. A series of bimetallic catalysts M-Fe2O3/Al2O3 (M: Ru, Ni, Co, Mo), were also prepared by different methods and investigated under conditions of CVD reaction of ethylene. Controlled explosive burning (CEB) of precursor compounds was found to be the most effective method of preparation of the catalysts Ni-Fe2O3/Al2O3 and Co-Fe2O3/Al2O3 with respect to rate of deposition and yield of CNTs. Co-precipitation of nitrate precursors (CP-W(H)) was the most effective method of preparation of the catalysts Ru-Fe2O3/Al2O3 and Mo-Fe2O3/Al2O3. During the study of the Ru-Fe2O3/Al2O3 catalyst, prepared by CP-W(H) method, its high catalytic activity ( ~2600% MWCNTs yield) was attributed to the high dispersion of Fe2O3 particles, due to the presence of ruthenium, and the low concentration of RuO2 phase. Yield and quality of MWCNTs depend on the concentration of ethylene in the feed mixture and on temperature of CVD reaction. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal concentration of ethylene and reaction temperature was found to be 20% and 650 0C, respectively. Furthermore, the most effective substrate, among others tested, was proved to be the aloumina deriving from aluminum nitrate. The influence of the ratio Fe/Ni in the structure of Ni-Fe2O3/Al2O3 catalyst, prepared by CEB method, on rate of growth of MWCNTs was investigated. It was found that the optimal value was Fe/Ni = 6 for 52.5 % metal loading, which led to the impressive yield of ~3600% . This was attributed to the generation of a chemical compound comprising Fe, Ni, Al and O, which in turn induced the formation of Fe2O3 nanocrystallites, as established by TEM analysis. Furthermore, it was evidenced that CVD of ethylene is more efficient process than CVD of acetylene. A mass spectrometer was also employed as a way to determine the chemical reactions that take place during carbon deposition in this bimetallic catalyst. It was found that ethylene decomposition and hydrogen production rates are high at the first stages of deposition, while H2O(g) is produced due to the reaction of hydrogen with the metal oxides.