학교와 극장의 사회화 - 미국 진보시대 인보관 운동과 컬럼비아 대학을 중심으로

Abstract

This study examines the settlement movement as the historical origin of the combination of three items: educational films, film education, and Americanization. The subjects of the study are Toynbee Hall, the Educational Alliance, the People’s Institute, and Columbia University. The influence of the settlement movement on education and educational films was enormous. Public schools became not only a place to impart knowledge to students but also community centers that provided essential activities for the welfare of community members, with the subject of education expanded by making it available to adults as well. Also promoted was the establishment of a college of education. Facilities such as kindergartens, playgrounds, libraries, museums, art galleries, gymnasiums, and public baths were installed, and free meals, school sanitation and health considerations, and clubs for leisure activities were institutionally established within public education. Along with the visual education movement, schools have become places that provide opportunities to experience various visual forms of media, including movies. The National Board of Censorship, established in collaboration with social service workers and the film industry, reversed the negativity of the social cognition of cinema. The theater environment was improved, the American film style was formed, and the production of culturally uplifting films was promoted. In terms of production and viewing, specialized film education programs have emerged, and films have become an art that must be taught systematically and professionally, becoming cultural artifacts that can be viewed repeatedly and discussed with others, like classical literature. In the progressive era, the complex of the settlement movement, universities, and the film industry made schools and film theaters effective means by which to resolve the issues of the Americanization of immigrants.