조선시대 학자들의 科文 학습에 대한 비판과 회의적 수용 양상

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the controversies surrounding criticism and skeptical acceptance of learning Gwamun among scholars of the Joseon Dynasty in order to explore their academic orientation and perception of reality.
 Yi Ik(李瀷) is one of the scholars who strongly refused Gwamun, and he pointed out that Gwamun adversely affects the writing of sentences as well as scholars and causes deterioration of the country and customs. The main reasons for criticizing and raising problems against Gwamun were widely divided into the attitude of criticizing Gwamun and revering the classical literature, issues related to cultivation of mind and ethical behavior, and emphasis on educational features for keeping an eye on the insincere customs of scholars. Yi Sik(李植), Yi Soo-kwang(李睟光), and Yi Jeong- gui(李廷龜) praised the outstanding writing skills of the others and they shared the same attitude of criticizing Gwamun system and revering the classical literature. Meanwhile, Ki Dae-seung(奇大升), Lee Hyeon-il(李玄逸), and Ahn Jung-bok(安鼎福) emphasized an idea of studying for oneself and criticized that learning Gwamun would eventually interfere with the fundamental purpose of studying, which is to practice ethics and pursue right path. Shim Eon-gwang(沈彦光) and Park Se-dang(朴世堂) advised staying alert against the conventions of scholars who were devoted to the civil service exam and hoped that studies of scriptures would be helpful.
 On the other hand, The skeptical acceptance of Gwamun in aspects of reality and social backgrounds is divided as the mean to express the accumulated knowledge and learning, choice for supporting parents and reviving the family, demands for Gwamun, and educational function of Seowon(Confucian academy). Jung Yak-yong(丁若鏞) taught students on how to learn Gwamun and said that learning Gwamun and passing the civil service exam are the only ways to serve the king. Yun Gi(尹愭) explained how he had to learn Gwamun to support the family and parents. Yi Sang- jung(李象靖) also emphasized on the fundamental function of Seowon, which focuses on pursuit of studies while encouraging getting prepared for the civil service exam at the same time. These examples show that the realistic expectation for passing the civil service exam and gaining fame resulted in encouragement and demand for Gwamun.
 This study examined the criticism and acceptance of Gwamun during the Joseon Dynasty that focused on Confucianism and valued the attitude of keeping an aloof attitude from the civil service exam while taking a glance at how scholars discussed Gwamun and classical literature.