Закономірності прояву фізичної деградації в орних ґрунтах України та регіони підвищеного її ризику

Abstract

Goal. To study the patterns of physical degradation in arable soils of Ukraine, and identify its features in different climatic zones, as well as to identify regions of increased risk of its manifestation and propose efficient anti-degradation measures. Methods. Information-analytical — to analyze the literature on physical degradation of arable soils; mathematical and statistical — to identify the reliability of the results and calculate the area of soils at risk of physical degradation; cartographic — to create cartographic materials to identify problem areas of physical degradation. Results. The main reasons for the spread of physical degradation of arable soils were identified: the increased tendency of humus to mineralization and mobility, over compaction and destructurization, increase in the number of large and small pores in macroaggregates. The peculiarities of the manifestation of physical degradation of soils depending on the natural and climatic zone of their location are characterized. Based on the creation and analysis of cartographic materials, problem areas with physical soil degradation were identified and their areas were calculated by administrative regions of Ukraine. It is established that the soils of the Kherson region are characterized by the greatest tendency to the manifestation of physical degradation. Also, regions with an increased risk of physical degradation in soils are Zaporizhzhia, Poltava and Kyiv. The principles of overcoming physical degradation are determined, effective anti-degradation measures are proposed, the main ones of which are minimization of mechanical impact on the soil, observance of the deficit-free balance of organic matter and preservation of the agronomically useful structure. Conclusions. The causes and consequences of the physical degradation of arable soils are outlined. The urgency of identifying areas of soil susceptibility to physical degradation is proved, the peculiarities of its manifestation in different climatic zones of the country are analyzed. The main means and principles for overcoming the physical degradation of soils are proposed.