유리건판으로 보는 북한 지역의 조선 후기 범종과 향로

Abstract

Gelatin dry plates produced in Korea during the colonial era by the Japanese Government-General show some late-Joseon Buddhist craftworks at temples currently in North Korea, such as Buddhist temple bells and incense burners. These include five bells from the seventeenth century, one from the eighteenth century, another from the nineteenth century, and the Jade Gui-shaped Incense Burner and Gilt-bronze Ding-shaped Incense Burner at Yujeomsa Temple.<BR> Among the late-Joseon Buddhist temple bells depicted in gelatin dry plates are the Bell with Inscription of the Sixth Year (1633) of the Reign of Emperor Chongzhen and Bell with Inscription of the Fifth Year of the Reign of Emperor Shunzhi at Seokwangsa Temple; Bell with Inscription of the Tenth Year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi and another bell from the late seventeenth century at Gwijusa Temple; the Bell with Inscription of the Thirtieth Year(1691) of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi at Seongbulsa Temple; Bell with Inscription of the Forty-seventh Year (1708) of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi at Jangansa Temple; and Bell with Inscription of the Tenth Year (1830 or Gyeongin Year) of the Reign of Emperor Daoguang. The artisans who produced them can be identified based on the inscriptions and styles of these bells. For example, Cheonbo (天宝) participated in the production of the Bell with Inscription of the Sixth Year of the Reign of Emperor Chongzhen at Seokwangsa Temple; Jijun (智俊) and Taehaeng (太行) worked on the Bell with Inscription of the Thirtieth Year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi at Seongbulsa Temple; Sain (思印) was involved in the creation of the bell from the late seventeenth century at Gwijusa Temple; Yi Hae-jun (李海俊) and Keukryeon (剋連) created the Bell with Inscription of the Forty-seventh Year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi at Jangansa Temple; and Yi Man-uk (李萬郁) and Jang Min-cheol (張敏喆) were connected to the Bell with Inscription of the Tenth Year of the Reign of Emperor Daoguang.<BR> As for other bells whose inscriptions do not include the names of the artisans involved, stylistic characteristics can be applied to suggest artisans who might have participated in their production. The creation of the Bell with Inscription of the Fifth Year of the Reign of Emperor Shunzhi at Seokwangsa Temple is likely connected to Jeongu (淨祐), Sinwon (信元), Woneung (元應), and Jijun, all of whom were active in the early and mid-seventeenth century. In the case of the Bell with Inscription of the Tenth Year of the Reign of Emperor Kangxi at Gwijusa Temple, Daehwasa Chwicheong (大化士 醉淸) is presumed to have participated in its production. According to the “List of Properties in Gwijusa Temple Based on the Revised Temple Law,” Chwicheong is recorded as the maker of its bell. However, whether or not he was a monk artisan is unclear.<BR> The gelatin dry plates of these Buddhist temple bells are significant in that they reveal that many seventeenth-century bell-casting artisans, including Cheonbo, Jijun, Taehaeng, and Sain, were active in a broader area than had been previously known as they participated in the creation of bells for temples in both present-day South and North Korea. It is also meaningful that works by these artisans have been identified beyond those known from written historical records.<BR> The gelatin dry plates from North Korean regions show only two incense burners: the Jade Gui-shaped Incense Burner and the Gilt-bronze Ding-shaped Incense Burner. Both were used at Yujeomsa Temple. The late-Joseon royal court imported these Ming and Qing copies of Chinese ancient bronze or jade vessels and bestowed them on the royal temple Yujeomsa. The Ding-shaped Incense Burner that King Jeongjo bestowed upon Yongjusa Temple is a classic example of the offerings given by the royal court to its temples during the late Joseon period. These two incense burners at Yujeomsa Temple are also noteworthy in that they demonstrate the use of copies of ancient Chinese bronze or jade vessel imported by the Joseon royal court before the reign of King Jeongjo.