Вплив обробітку ґрунту та побічної продукції на врожайність пшениці озимої в умовах Західного Лісостепу

Abstract

Goal. To determine the influence of methods of soil cultivation and by-products on its volumetric mass, weediness of crops, and yield of winter wheat. Methods. Field — to study the influence of tillage, by-products, segetal vegetation in winter wheat crops; laboratory — to determine the bulk soil mass (compaction density); counting — to determine the weediness, and crop productivity; chemical — to determine the content of nutrients in the soil; mathematical and statistical — to assess the reliability of research results. Results. Research during 3 rotations of a 4-field crop rotation established that the volume mass of the 0–10 cm soil layer varied within 1.14–1.27 g/cm3 during all treatments. Compared with the upper layer, it increased with depth, and in the soil layers of 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm it was 1.24–1.36 and 1.33–1.53 g/cm3, respectively. Replacing plowing with disking at 10–12 cm and 6–8 cm led to an increase in the number of weeds in the first rotation from 108 to 212 and 278 pcs./m2, respectively, due to the alienation of by-products, and from 163 to 246 and 305 pcs./m2, respectively for its entering in the soil. Compared with plowing at 20–22 cm, disking at 10–12 and 6–8 cm cause a decrease in the yield of winter wheat due to the alienation of by-products by 6.4 and 21.5%, respectively, and when using it for fertilizer, by 6.7 and 25%, respectively. Conclusions. The application of various methods of main tillage for winter wheat sowing: plowing at 20–22 cm, disking at 10–12 cm, and disking at 6–8 cm ensured a volume of soil (1.14–1.27 and 1.24–1.36 g/cm3, respectively) favorable for the culture in the layers of 0–10 and 10–20 cm, but a plow sole was formed in the 20–30 cm layer under all treatments, especially shallow. The use of by-products for fertilization contributed to a certain decrease in the density of the soil composition but led to an increase in weediness, which increased with a decrease in the depth of cultivation. The replacement of plowing with disking for 10–12 and 6–8 cm decreased the productivity from 6.57 to 6.15 and 5.16 t/ha, respectively, due to the alienation of by-products and from 6.72 to 6.27 and 5.33 t/ha ha, respectively, for their entering in the soil. Application of by-products as fertilizer reduced the yield of winter wheat in the 1st crop rotation, while in the 2nd, except for the option with disking by 6–8 cm, and in the 3rd it ensured its increase.