محددات التنمیة الزراعیة ومعوقاتها فی جمهوریة مصر العربیة

Abstract

The Arab Republic of Egypt depends heavily on its agricultural sector. The majority of the agricultural population, directly or indirectly, depends on agriculture as their basic source of support, and agricultural exports from raw and manufactured commodities, constitute more than 70-80 of the Egyptian export earnings. The cultivated area , which was about 5.4 million feddans at the beginning of the last century has remained more or less static due to urbanization and is estimated now by about 7.0 million feddans. However, the Egyptian population has doubled almost six times in less than one century. ht has increased from 6.5 millions in 1882 to 104 millions in 2017 and the present rate of growth is about 2.5% The disparity between the rate of population growth and the growth of agricultural land resources, was reflected in the level of real per captia agricultural income which amounts to only 22.3 pounds according to 2010 statistics. Thus it has been the objective of this investigation to analyze the various constraints which hinder Egyptian agricultural economic development . The contents of the study has been classified into four chapters. Chapter one deals with the research problem, chapter two deals with the review of previous literature and theoretical and analytical framework of the study. Chapter three deals with the determinants of horizontal and vertical agricultural development in Egypt, and chapter four deals with the economic and social constraints of agricultural economic development in Egypt. The Main results of the analysis are (1) The main constraints which hider agricultural development in Egypt can be classified into: 1- Economic Constraints: which include: (a) Financial Constraints, (b) Inflation and Depression Constraints, (c) The enlargement of the nonofficial sector, (d) The low Saving Capacity, (e) Marginalization of the agricultural sector , GDP , and Investments, 11- Agricultural Land Constraints: (a) Fragmentation of Agricultural Holdings , and (b) Agricultural Irrigation Constraints, 11- Agricultural Labor Constraints: (a) Migration of Agricultural Laborers and farmers , and (b) Loss of Agricultural Land due to poverty, 1V- Social Constraints to Agricultural Development: (a) Population Explosion , and (b)Deterioration of the People Social Properties, V- Managerial Constraints . VI- Terrorism and unsafe Environment. VII- Technical Constraints &Low Productivity. VIII- Low Efficiency of Agricultural /marketing and Extension. VIIII- International Agricultural Trade Constraints. X- Agricultural Policy Constraints. (a) Marginalization of Food Security for Monetary Security , and (b)Marginalization of The Egyptian Agricultural sector and farmers, X1- Rural Psychological Constraints. XII- Rural Legislative Constraints. XIIII- Rural Agricultural Research Constraints. XV- Rural Environmental Constraints.