Η συμβολή της σεισμικής (ηχητικής) τομογραφίας στη διερεύνηση των γεωαρχαιολογικών σχηματισμών

Abstract

With tomography is attempted the creation of an image – slice of the internal properties of a medium / object with use of measurements of the energy which was transmitted through the medium, at receivers on the outside of it. It has been proved that a medium can be imaged with precision by a set of perimetric projections. Tomographic analysis is possible by employing wave energy that has been transmitted through the medium under investigation (ray tomography) or has been reflected or diffracted at various inhomegeneities within the medium (diffraction tomography). In the present study, an experimental application of the seismic tomographic imaging method is made in the field of archaeological exploration, such as detection of archaeological remains in the subsurface or in artificial hills (tumuli). The application poses an interesting challenge, because of the highly inhomogeneous environment where the detection is tried and the small and unknown, in general, dimensions of the target objects. The non-destructive character of the application makes it quite attractive and acceptable in archaeological exploration, both at reconnaissance and later stages of excavation. The principles and theoretical foundations of the tomographic methodology are presented, with particular reference to the two main methods of reconstruction of the internal character of the investigated medium and included objects, that is ray and diffraction tomography, as well as the relevant inversion techniques and algorithms. Finally, an application of ray tomography on seismic recordings from archaeological / monumental sites is made, with use of the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT). In the application of ray tomography, adjustment tests of inversion parameters and variables are made, in order to study their effect on the inversion result. The effectiveness of the method and of the algorithm is investigated with the aid of synthetic models based on possible information from the test sites and the bibliography. Using the models as starting models, synthetic travel times are calculated and are then inverted, while the resulting image is compared with the synthetic starting model and conclusions are drawn. Based on the results of the above tests, final parameter values are set for the inversion of real field data and an assessment and an interpretation of the results is made. Image processing and enhancement is applied to the resulting tomograms, in order to enhance and clarify the small (hidden) variations of seismic velocity, which may reflect important subsurface information, mainly related to particular archaeological targets. There are presented the results from the investigation of the subsurface of a part of the prehistoric settlement of Palamari (Skyros isl., Greece) of the foundations of the church of Dafni Monastery (Attica, Greece), of the interior of the artificial hill / possible tumulus at Kasta Messolakia (Serrae, Greece) and of the subsurface of the cemeteries of Chatby area (Alexandria, Egypt).