Влияние почвенной кислотности на урожайность озимой ржи и возможности эдафической селекции

Abstract

The review of the results of investigations on influence of soil acidity on winter rye productivity was done. The pattern of breeding process for creation of aluminum- and acid-resistant winter rye varieties under conditions of North-East of Russian Non-Chernozem zone was substantiated. Different methods of estimation such as cell and tissue cultures, method of nutrition solutions, soil culture, field study are used for screening of agricultural crop varieties on the level of resistance to abiotic stress. Winter rye is the least sensitive to soil acidity. However, higher soil acidity decreases winter hardiness and regenerating ability of rye after snow mould (M. nivale) damage that leads to shortfall of its production up to 40%. Creation of acid-resistant rye varieties is a perspective direction in breeding research especially for the conditions of north crop farming. In Russia, rye edaphic breeding began in the North-East Agricultural Research Institute in 1980 and it is now the only research institute in the country involved in this work. Studies are conducted under provocative conditions of field, greenhouse and laboratory experiments. Aluminum- and acid-resistant rye varieties were created - Regina (method of cells and tissues) and Kiprez (field method of multiple selections on natural rigid provocative background). Under conditions of natural soil background these varieties exceeded the initial variety Kirovskaya 89 in productivity by 0.24 t/ha and 0.72 t/ha correspondingly. Study on provocative soil conditions proved the superiority of variety Kiprez in aluminum- and acid-resistance. Additional productivity compared to the standard Falensky 4 was 0.26-0.32 t/ha, to the variety Kirovskaya 89 - 0.78-1.63 t/ha. Variety Regina was inferior to the standard Falenskaya 4 in productivity. In 2016 variety Kiprez was transferred to the State varietal test. Based on studies carried out in Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East the plan of creation of aluminum- and acid-resistant winter rye varieties with the use of complex natural provocative background (Н + and Al 3+ ; M. nivale) was developed and implemented. The varieties being created are subjected to obligatory test under rigid field provocative conditions. Acid-resistant varieties are reliable reserve for increasing the winter rye grain production on low-fertile acid soils of Non-Chernozem zone of Russia and are valuable sources of aluminum- and acid-resistance in breeding programs in other regions of the country.