城市生态保护红线划定与管理——以澳门特别行政区为例

Abstract

我国澳门特别行政区是世界上人口密度最高的地区之一，人地关系紧张。随着城市和经济的发展，人类空间与生态空间失调，城市生态和人居环境问题不断加剧。在建设美丽湾区、美丽澳门和人们对美好人居环境需求的背景下，通过划定城市生态保护红线以控制和维持现有重要功能生态空间，保护和改善高敏感生态空间，维护区域生态安全显得尤为重要。基于对澳门陆域生态系统调查，结合城市和自然资源特征，从生态系统服务功能、生态系统敏感性、生物多样性分布以及现有生态保护区四个方面构建了城市生态保护红线划定方法框架，选取并评估水源涵养、雨洪调节、热岛调节、土壤保持、海岸带防护五类调节服务和生态系统服务中的休闲游憩的空间格局，水土流失敏感性和海岸带风暴潮敏感性两种生态敏感性的分布，并综合澳门具有保育价值生物的栖息地分布和现有保护区范围进行了城市生态保护红线的划定。研究结果显示，澳门城市生态保护红线区域总面积6.71km²，占研究区面积的19.79%，覆盖了44%的生态空间、12.4%的海岸线、所有的重要物种栖息地及三分之一的古树名木。依照此生态保护红线研究进一步提出针对各类红线地块的保护和管理措施。研究提出的城市生态保护红线划定思路，可以为其他城市的重要生态空间保护、修复与管理提供参考。;Macao Special Administrative Region is one of the most densely populated regions in the world, and the human-land relationship is tense. The fast development of the city and economy resulted in the imbalanced pattern of human space and ecological space, and serious problems of urban ecology and human settlement environment. In the context of building a beautiful Bay Area and a beautiful Macao, and people’s demand for a better living environment, it is particularly important to control and maintain the existing vitally functional ecological space, and to protect and improve the highly sensitive ecological space by delimiting the urban ecological conservation redlines, so as to maintain regional ecological security. Based on the survey of the terrestrial ecosystem in Macao and by combining the characteristics of the city and natural resources, this paper constructed a framework for the delineation of urban ecological conservation redlines from four aspects, i.e., ecosystem service functions, ecosystem sensitivity, biodiversity distribution and existing ecological protection zones. We selected and evaluated five types of regulation services (including water conservation, rain and flood regulation, heat island regulation, soil conservation, and coastal protection) and leisure and recreation in ecosystem services, and analyzed distribution of the sensitivity of water and soil erosion and the coastal storm surge. The results were further combined with the distribution of habitats of the species with high conservation value in Macao and the scope of the existing protected areas, and the urban ecological conservation redlines were finally delineated. The total area within the delineated Macao's urban ecological conservation redlines was 6.71 km², accounting for 19.79% of the study area, which covered 44% of the ecological space, 12.4% of the coastline, all the important species habitats and one third of the ancient famous trees. Corresponding protection and management measures were also provided according to different kinds of land parcels in this ecological conservation redlines. The proposed frame and method of urban ecological redlines delineation could also provide reference for conservation, restoration and management of important urban ecological spaces in other cities.