湖南珍稀濒危植物——珙桐种群数量动态

Abstract

在湖南省珙桐(<em>Davidia involucrata</em>)主要分布区八大公山和壶瓶山自然保护区设置了7个具有代表性的样地,采用样方法对珙桐群落的组成进行调查,研究珙桐种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和生存规律。结果表明:(1)两个保护区珙桐种群的径级结构和高度结构都近似于倒金字塔型,并且珙桐种群幼树死亡率高,珙桐种群有衰退迹象。(2)珙桐种群结构存在波动性, 幼年阶段的个体数量少,并且多为萌生苗,实生苗很少;成年个体数量相对也较少,种群趋于Deevey的Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型曲线之间。(3)珙桐种群死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,均在第5龄级阶段出现一个高峰;珙桐种群的生存率单调上升,累计死亡率单调下降,生存率上升趋势前期低于后期,累计死亡率则相反。(4)珙桐种群具有前期稳定、中期锐减和后期衰退的特点。;<em>Davidia involucrata</em> Baill is the only species in Davidiaceae. It originated from tertiary period and now is a relic plant known to the world. But now, it becomes one of the world famous ornamental tree for gardens and parks in many countries because its flowers look like flying doves (dove tree).In recent years, the increase of regional developing projects has led to decrease of this ancient and rare plant in nature, especially its habitats and populations. The plant has been listed in the rare and endangered plants in China. <em>D. involucrata</em> mainly distributed in very special niche habitats in the mountainous region of Youngzi River in China. To better understand its natural community and propose management strategy, we investigated the population structure and natural succession of <em>D. involucrata</em> in Hunan province. Seven plots were established in Badagongshan and Hupingshan Nature Reserves. We developed a static life table of <em>D. involucrata </em>based on the population life table and theory of survival analysis. Survivorship curves, mortality rate, killing power, survival rate, mortality density and hazard rate were determined. The results showed that the population structure of <em>D. involucrata </em>was an inverse-pyramid type. The death rate of young trees was higher. The<em> D. involucrata</em> population in Hunan province was declining. There were fewer young and old <em>D. involucrata</em> trees in Badagongshan and Hupingshan Nature Reserves. The young trees mainly belonged to sprouted seedlings. Population structure was fluctuated and the survival curve had trend to be the type between Deevey Ⅱ and Ⅲ. One peak of mortality rate and killing power existed in the lifespan in the 5th age class period. The population survival rate of<em> D. involucrata </em>increased monotonically, whereas the cumulative mortality rate decreased monotonically. Four survival functional curves showed that the<em> D. involucrata</em> population grew stably at young age, decreased very quickly in middle age and declined in old age. Limited natural regeneration from seeds was the mainly reason caused <em>D. involucrata</em> population decline. After exploring and sampling some natural populations, we summarized that the species became endangered plants mainly because of 1) narrow distribution (niche habitat). Dove tree usually grows in the deep areas of the moun-tain ranges, with warm summer and abundant moisture. 2) Seed abortion. It is very serious and majority of embryos could not develop normally. 3) Difficulty of natural regeneration. The seed of dove tree has a long period of after-ripening and a hard exterior covering. Germination usually occurred after three years, which leads to the significant loss of seed viability. 4) Human disturbance. Habitat loss (logging) and collection of wild seedlings were one of the important reasons to reduce its populations. Dove tree was very sensitive to the change of habitat. The environment change would cause its reproduction difficulty. The number of individuals of dove tree was declined dramatically. Further studies on its protection and habitat restoration should be our priority.