Abstract
A comprehensive overview of the structural factors on which the hardness of steel depends is presented, as well as methods of increasing the hardness and wear resistance of inexpensive, economically alloyed high-carbon steels suitable for operation in abrasive wear and high contact stresses are discussed. The mechanism of increasing the hardness of the material by multiple (cyclic) cold treatment of high-carbon steels hardened on martensite is considered. It is shown that quadruple cold treatment (with cooling to –70 °С) of rolls from cheap low-alloy steel 170Х2Ф increased their hardness from 58 – 59 HRC to 67 – 68 HRC, exceeding the indicators of the best foreign analogues. The possibilities of application of quenching with fast electric heating are described. It has been found that quenching of steel products with fast electric heating with high frequency currents (HFC), industrial frequency currents (IFC), passing electric current allows to increase their hardness on 2 – 4 units of HRC compared to quenching with relatively slow furnace heating. At the same time, the more dispersed the initial structure of ferrite-cementite mixture, the smaller the cementite plates in it, the greater the value of hardness increase during quenching with rapid electric heating. The effect of ultra-low tempering on the hardness of steel has been investigated, and it has been shown that in order to achieve high hardness of the material, it is desirable to use ultra-low tempering of high-carbon martensite at 100 – 140 °С, which contributes to the creation of nanoneodenicity on carbon, and allows to further increase hardness of low-alloy high-carbon steels by 1.5 – 2.0 units of HRC.
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