内モンゴル・ホルチン地域におけるモンゴル族の住居に関する研究

Abstract

1.Purpose Because of the historical background, living environment and variety of occupation, Mongolian nomadic people's living style has been changed to settlement. Mongolian nomadic people's living style has been changed, for example, changed from no-?madism to semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral, the villager which people live together were built up. The research purpose of this paper is to clarify ?the change of recent occupation, living and lifestyle, ?the change and utilization of layout. 2.Method From 5th August to 14th August, 2012, we conducted interviews and investigations about measurement of site and house with regard to the12th houses of beeren baren hoxuu chagan os gachaa in region of horchin of Inner Mongolia. 3. Conclusions 1) In this region with stockbreeding's developing, agriculture is also becoming important products. The fixed residence is gachaa which is semi-agriculture and anti-stockbreeding. Engaged in agriculture and stockbreeding for one year, it is an important income. 2) Horses and camels in five pastoralists are reduced, recently the people raise sheep, goats and cows in stockbreeding. Corn growing is not only people's mainly food, but also become proceeds when the left corns were sold. The people feed the livestock on Stem and left of corn. 3) In region of Alxa and Xlin gol, we can see the change of spreading in the east and west on One, Two, Three-chamber. In region of horchin the limit of the site is exist, the houses are expanded to the south and north, the extension on the north side. 4) The house can be classified into 5 types — one chamber, two-chamber on one line, three-chamber on one line, three-chamber on two lines and several-chamber on two lines. Before the land distribution, payment in kind was basic, and the least area for a living in socialistic group system. At this time, the layout of a house has changed from one-chamber into two-chamber (D、G), then into three-chamber (Ju、B、G). After the firth land distribution, because of economic development of China and cash income of each household, the layout of a house was expanding, living room (Hm、T) was enlarged onto the north of the three-chamber on one line. The type of the baixing has changed one line into two lines. After the second land distribution, the layout of a house became complicated from the introduction of modern lifestyle was changed into several-chamber (Ju、B、G、T、Jo、Ho、U、Hm、A、Dn、Wu). 5) The type of the residence is relation to plane. One-chamber is bumbugenger. Two-chamber on one line is jimnger. Three-chamber on one line is jimnger duutyanger bantanger. Three-chamber on two lines which is baixing by brick is duutyanger bantanger. Several-chamber on two lines are almost the brick baixing. 6) According to change of layout, an action in the room also changed. All activities are in the one-chamber. In the case of two-chamber, go to bed, wait on customers, eat, and religious ritual are finished in one room, cook, wash, and receive are finished in the other room. The type of the baixing was expanded in the north side for cooking space. In the case of several-room on two lines, each room is also for the exclusive use. 7) Stockbreeding was changed into semi-agriculture and anti-stockbreeding. Although the fixed residence are progressing for a long time, traditional spatial form of Ger was still left. Concretely, room's entrance are facing south and southeast, the west side is the most important.