臺灣書院的制度, 運作及其脈絡性轉化

Abstract

During t he Q ing Dynasty, C onfucian a cademies i n Taiwan w as a different educational system from “Fuxue” and “Xianxue”(府·縣學) established by the government, and served as a part of the enlightenment education system connected to public educational institutions. Apart from the curriculum plan or organizational management style, all the Confucian academies had to b e supervised b y Royal court. T aiwanese C onfucian academies can be divided into three types: government, governmentprivate, and private. This paper will introduce the status of expenses, classes, rules, and rituals included in the operation of these Confucian academies, and further analyze the context of changes in the times of Taiwanese Confucian academies. The most important thing in the context of this change is “Reform to Gongmiao(宮廟)”. These changes includes Confucian academy's “Reform to Nantang(鸞堂化)”, “Reform to Wenchangmiao(文昌廟化)”, “Reform to Sicha(寺刹化)”, and its “promotion to temple to C onfucius” T his can be s aid to be a special c ultural phenomenon in the development of East Asian Confucian academy.
 
 淸代臺灣的書院是官設府縣學之外的另一種教育體系, 在課程內容方面屬於 銜接府縣學的啟蒙教育的一環, 在組織運作上類似今日公益性質的財團法人, 不 管是課程規劃或組織運作, 都必須受官方(朝廷)的監督. 其創建的型態大致可分 官憲倡建, 官民合建, 民間倡建三模式. 本文亦介紹了書院運作的經費, 修業, 學 規及祭祀情況, 最後分析臺灣書院在時代更迭的脈絡性轉化, 其中最特別之處是 ｢書院的宮廟化｣, 這些宮廟化還包括｢書院鸞堂化｣, ｢書院文昌廟化｣, ｢書院佛 寺化｣及｢書院升格孔廟化｣, 這應該是東亞書院發展相當特殊的文化現象.