Обчислення похибок саморобних фізичних приладів з цифровими і аналоговими датчиками

Abstract

The article deals with the problem of calculation of errors of improvised devices and installations for physical training experiment in the construction of which digital and analog sensors are used, which are intended for measuring various physical quantities. The general requirements for educational devices are considered: scientific and pedagogical, technical, ergonomic, aesthetic, economic. In the article special attention is paid to the technical requirements of improvised devices and installations. It is noted that it is necessary to ensure their reliability and durability, perfection and simplicity of construction, high metrological indicators. The basic stages of calculation of errors of measurement of physical quantities, features of measurements with use of digital measuring devices are given. The measurement process using digital measuring instruments and automatic measurement methods remove the measurement from subjective errors and have a number of other advantages. It is convenient to make computers and sensors in combination with hardware platforms Arduino, STM32, Raspberry, etc. for the output of home-made appliances. Analog sensors are connected to the analog inputs of the hardware and software platforms that perform analog-to-digital conversion. Digital sensors are easier to use and capable of providing high metrological performance in the design of self-made physical devices. Most sensors have errors in the instructions. The cases of calculation of errors, when the home-made installation uses optical steam as the main measuring tool, are considered. Optical pairs are used in many homemade physics installations - studies of body motion on an inclined plane, studies of rotational motion using Oberbeck pendulum, studies of mathematical pendulum, etc. Examples and schemes of installations and description of experiments with methods of calculation of measurement errors using optical pairs are given. As a result, it is noted that homemade devices using digital sensors, hardware platforms Arduino, STM32, Raspberry and others meet the general requirements for training devices, in particular, have high metrological indicators, are easy to manufacture and require little financial cost.