Мелиоративные системы: основы общей теории

Abstract

Purpose: to develop the basics of the general theory of reclamation systems (OTMS). Methods: system approach, visual modeling. Results. The hierarchical rating of reclamation systems at the first level is represented by elements that are not connected with each other, at the second one, connections between the elements form simple technical or biotic reclamation systems. At the third level, simple systems are joined into complex ones, and at the fourth level, the complex systems are included into large reclamation supersystems, which are fastened by territories that play the role of mesoecotones at the regional level (watershed forests and other forests, meadows and pastures, state forest belts, etc.). These territories, due to their functional activity on their tectological boundaries, solve the ecological problems of land reclamation. Systems of different levels take their place in the basin landscape structure, held together by a natural hydrographic network. At the same time, simple reclamation systems (usually within the elementary catchments of gullies and streams) are combined into complex reclamation systems by the basins of the watercourses, i-th order and the complex ones – into large reclamation supersystems (in the basins of medium or large rivers). The properties common to all reclamation systems have been determined: synergy and functionality; emergence, reliability, maintainability; structure, hierarchy, organization; openness, closeness or combination; appropriate behavior, adaptability, controllability; isolation, unity, interactivity. Conclusions. The basics of OTMS determine the hierarchical rating of technical and (or) biotic reclamation systems, the elements (subsystems) of which interact with the environment and take their place in the basin structure of landscapes involved into the reclamation process on reclaimed lands and adjacent territories.