Ανάπτυξη καινοτόμων καταλυτών και αντιδραστήρων για την φωτοκαταλυτική διάσπαση του νερού προς παραγωγή υδρογόνου με χρήση ηλιακής ακτινοβολίας

Abstract

The production of hydrogen from aqueous TiO2 suspensions illuminated with UV/vis or visible light has been examined It has been found that deposition of Pt (0.5 wt.%) on the semiconductor surface results in an increase of the H2 production rate, which goes through a maximum with time of irradiation and then drops to steady-state values comparable to those obtained over bare TiO2. Both, maximum and steady-state rates obtained over Pt/TiO2 suspensions were found to increase with increasing solution pH and temperature. Addition of small quantities of electron donors (such as dyes, alcohols and sugars) in solution results in significantly enhanced rates of H2 production. Results are explained by considering that organic compounds act as sacrificial agents, which become progressively oxidized toward CO2 by consuming photogenerated holes and/or oxygen. This results in decreased rates of electron-hole recombination and oxygen-hydrogen back reaction and, concomitantly, in increased H2-production rates. The rate of photoinduced hydrogen production depends strongly on the concentration of the sacrificial agent employed and to a lesser extent on solution pH and temperature. When complete mineralization of the sacrificial agent is achieved, photogenerated oxygen can no longer be removed from the photocatalyst surface and the H2-production rate drops to steady-state values, comparable to those obtained in the absence of the organic compound in solution. The amounts of carbon dioxide and “additional” hydrogen produced depend on the nature of the organic additive and are directly proportional to its initial concentration in solution. Quantification of results shows that the overall process may be described as “photoinduced reforming of organic compounds at room temperature”. It is concluded that mineralization of organic pollutants, which are common waste products of biomass processing industries, can be achieved with simultaneous production of H2 fuel. The process may provide an efficient and cost effective method for cleaning up waste streams.