ハサン・バンナーのジハード論と大衆的イスラーム運動

Abstract

The aim of this article is to examine the argument for jihad made by Hasan al-Banna (1906-49), the founder-leader of the Muslim Brotherhood (Jam'iya al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin). Al-Banna is widely regarded as one of the most important Islamic thinkers of the twentieth century. With his theories of jihad, he further developed the Islamic revivalist thought propagated in the journal al-Manar by another great thinker, Rashid Rida, especially concerning its practical application for a mass movement. In concrete terms, al-Banna provided his mass movement with the theoretical underpinnings for certain of its activities.Jihad has been one of the most important issues in contemporary Islamic politics, and al-Banna did not fail to address it. He made the following statement the slogan of the Muslim Brotherhood: “God is our goal; the Prophet is our leader; the Qur'an is our constitution; jihad is our way; death for the sake of God is our loftiest wish.” Facing the West's “invasion” of Muslim land, al-Banna concluded that jihad had become an individual duty obligatory on all Muslims. Thus, for the purpose of liberating the Muslim land, he constructed a theory of jihad in which the masses could fulfill this obligation by participating in the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood. An examination of his theory makes it clear that the Muslim Brotherhood's activities, which allowed its members to fulfill the obligation of jihad, involved not only armed struggle, but also social activities such as athletic clubs or business enterprises. Accordingly, I analyze his theory of jihad from two perspectives: “jihad as armed struggle” and “jihad as social activism.” Furthermore, I examine how al-Banna argued about jihad, which bears many shades of meaning in Islam, in the context of the Muslim Brotherhood.