ВАЖНЕЙШИЕ КРИТЕРИИ ОТБОРА НА КАЧЕСТВО ЗЕРНА В СЕЛЕКЦИИ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

Abstract

The quality of wheat grain largely depends on the hereditary characteristics of the variety. In 2018-2020, in the North Caucasus Federal Agricultural Research Center, studies were carried out to search for source material among the diversity of genotypes of common winter wheat at the early stages of the breeding process to select the most promising in the context of grain quality. The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary medium-thick low-humus medium loamy chernozem. The climate of the zone is temperate continental. According to long-term data, the annual sum of effective temperatures is 3177.2 °C; average annual precipitation is 559.6 mm; Selyaninov's hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) is 1.06. Before sowing, complex mineral fertilizers were applied at a dose of N40P60K40; in spring, ammonium nitrate – 26 kg of active ingredient per ha. Fifteen lines of common winter wheat selected according to a complex of breeding valuable signs (yield, resistance to diseases, frost and winter hardiness, drought resistance) served as a material for the studies. Lines were compared with the standard variety ‘Aivina’ according to the most important criteria: gluten mass fraction and quality, protein mass fraction and sedimentation value. Four wheat lines (21663, 20029, 21728, 21944) characterized by gluten of I and II group (gluten content from 23 % to 25.7 %) were identified. They exceeded the standard by 2.0–4.7% and corresponded to the 3 class of grain quality. In line 21944, minor variability of the protein amount (10 %) in the grain by year was noted; in the lines 21226, 21924 and 20029 ‒ average (14.2‒18.7 %); in the rest genotypes, including standard, it was significant (20.1‒34.3 %). On average, over the years of studying, six lines (21420, 21663, 21683, 21118, 21944, 21924) were classified as strong wheat (sedimentation value was in the range of 51‒62 ml). The flour strength of the ‘Aivina’ wheat grain had an average sedimentation value – 49 ml. Lines 21944 and 21924, which exceeded the standard, can be used as sources of high-quality grain when creating new varieties of common winter wheat for regions with a dry period of grain formation.