Обоснование возможности строительства пассивных многоэтажных жилых зданий в климатических условиях Центральной России

Abstract

Introduction. We won’t be able to solve global ecological problems without solving the energy issue. It is necessary to expand the energy sector and switch to energy saving technologies. Power generation is among sources of negative impacts on the environment and man. The emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, discharge of polluted liquid waste into rivers, creation of huge water reservoirs, warming of water bodies, depletion of fuel resources, deforestation, emission of toxic substances into the atmosphere and water, burial of radioactive waste — this list of negative impacts, produced by the energy sector on the environment, is not exhaustive. At the end of the 20th century, humanity finally rea­lized how serious the problem of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was. The consolidation of these two issues, namely, environmental protection and conservation of natural resources, tightened the requirements for the construction of buil­dings in terms of thermal insulation, reduction of energy consumption for heating, and introduction of a closed power cycle at production facilities. The article deals with construction of passive multi-storey houses in different climatic conditions of the Russian Federation. The problem of energy saving and thermal insulation of buildings in construction is addressed. The analysis of energy consumption by passive buildings in the climatic conditions of Central Russia is made. Materials and methods. Currently, heating consumption by all types of buildings during the heating season in Russia is analyzed in accordance with Annex G of SNiP 23-02-2003. In addition, a national standard of the Russian Federation was developed, approved and put into effect by Decree of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology No. 1211-st dated October 25, 2013. This standard is amended in relation to ISO 13790:2008. This Russian standard is a regulatory document on annual heat and electricity costs of maintaining the microclimate on heated or cooled premises. Results. The technology has advanced, and now the construction market offers houses with seamless facades and improved sound and heat insulation. These are monolithic frame houses with good thermal insulation, since monolithic concrete is poured directly into the formwork on the construction site, lined with glass wool thermal insulation and clad with facade panels, which reduces heat loss from a building. Conclusions. The analysis of the energy consumption calculation method has proven an efficient tool to determine the heat demand of heating systems. The calculation allows to determine heat losses associated with the transfer of heat through an external envelope and the need for thermal energy. In other words, given that the data for each climatic zone is correct, including selected construction materials, thickness of enclosure structures with account for solar energy, and the proper use of modern intake-exhaust systems, the construction of buildings, featuring higher energy efficiency in the climatic conditions of Central Russia, is possible and absolutely realistic.