Abstract
The paper notes that at the present stage, research primarily by foreign scientists defines decentralized finance as based on the cryptocurrency ecosystem. The development of new financial technologies, which led to the emergence of digital currency, and its attractiveness, primarily as an asset for investment, have already formed a certain ecosystem of cryptocurrencies. In particular, the functioning of crypto-exchanges, which include various participants: issuers providing mining, agents and a kind of intermediaries in cryptocurrency transactions during the circulation of stablecoins. The dynamics of market capitalization of cryptoassets was analyzed according to the statistics of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which increased more than 10.5 times (from USD 191.6 bln at the beginning of 2020 to USD 2,027.5 bln as of the end of September 2021). At the same time, it should be noted that the structure of the cryptocurrency market is unstable, which is typical for the new market that is in its infancy. This is confirmed by the market capitalization structure of bitcoin, ethereum, and stablecoins for the above period. Based on IMF data, indicators characterizing the state of formation of the cryptocurrency ecosystem, namely, bitcoin volatility and market capitalization of tokens, are analyzed. It is noted that the fairly rapid spread in the global financial space, and especially the growing attractiveness of cryptocurrencies in emerging financial markets, require the study of possible risks, arising from the formation of an ecosystem of cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance to ensure the stability of the centralized financial system. The main financial stability risks associated with the cryptocurrency ecosystem are systematized and grouped into key blocks: operational risk, cyber risk, misappropriation, bribery and corruption, as well as risks related to financial imbalances. The emphasis is on a problem that is formed purely in the field of decentralized finance and is associated with the development of peer-to-peer lending, crowdfunding and crowdinvesting. A generalization is made about the understanding of the ecosystem in the financial system (financial ecosystem), which is used in modern research at two levels: at the micro level it reflects the business model of a financial institution, and at the macro level it reflects the transformation of the financial system under the influence of financial technology. The formation of the financial ecosystem was the result of the intensive development of financial technologies (FinTech), among which neobanks are the most popular today. In addition, a classification of neobanks is proposed with an emphasis on the level of digitalization.
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