Η επίπτωση των λοιμώξεων σε ασθενείς με κίρρωση και η ανοσολογική απάντηση των ασθενών αυτών

Abstract

To identify the demographic characteristics of cirrhotic patients, the most frequent infections and the difference in lymphocyte subsets between cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, infection and other cirrhotic patients. We also tried to determine the pattern of cytokine expression in the ascitic fluid (AF) of cirrhotic patients either with or without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and investigate the effects of SBP on some cytokines in ascitic fluid PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 110 patients, who were admitted to hospital from May 2006 to December 2007. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1: including those who were admitted through any cause, group 2: patients with any type of infection and group 3: patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. We collected: demographic characteristics, etiology of cirrhosis, the cause of admission to hospital, the type and frequency of infection, and the mortality. We also measured absolute T lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3, CD56, CD4, CD8, CD5, CD20, CD14, CD64) using flow cytometry. Also, we studied 13 cirrhotic patients, who were admitted to the department of Internal Medicine of University Hospital of Patras within the same period for a variety of reasons. From the amount of patients, seven patients developed SBP (group 1) and six patients presented no evidence of infection, including SBP (group 2). Ascitic levels of IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10,a IL-1ra, STNFRI, STNFRII were assayed with ELISA kits. RESULTS: 21.8% developed any infection, 19.1 % had gastrointestinal bleeding and 59.1 % were admitted through any cause. The most frequent infections were: pulmonary tract infections (30.6%), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (22.2%), gastrointestinal infections (13.9%) and urinary tract infections (8.3%). In 11.1% cases, the cause of infection was not identified. The mortality rate was 9%. We observed a significant decrease in absolute counts of total T lymphocyte subsets (CD3) between group 1 and 3 on Day 3. We also found significant decrease (P< 0.05) in T-helper lymphocytes (CD4) on Day 3 and exit day in these groups. For ascitic fluid measurements of the 13 patients, multivariate analysis showed significant differences (P< 0,05) between the two groups to the levels of STNFRII and IL-1RA. Ascitic levels of IL-10, IL-6, IL-1ra, TNF-a, STNFRII and STNFRI were higher (not statistical significant ) in the ascitic fluid of patients with SBP. However, TGF-b1 levels were lower in group 1 patients. It is remarkable that IL-1b was not expressed in patients either with or without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. DISCUSSION: Sepsis is a common reason of admission to hospital. 30-50% of cirrhotic patients develop a type of infection upon admission to the hospital. In our study, 21.8% of patients were admitted to hospital with a type of infection. T-helper (CD4) and total (CD3) lymphocyte subsets were statistical significant lower (P<0,05) in patients with variceal bleeding. Probably, patients with gastrointestinal bleeding have defensive immune system. On the other hand, those with sepsis have satisfactory cellular immunity. Apart from that, we demonstrated an increased cytokine production in ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients, while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines sTNFRII and IL-1ra are significantly increased in SBP. It seems, therefore, that an ascitic fluid anti-inflammatory response is characteristic in SBP, and this might compromise the final outcome.