Стратегія селекції соняшнику на підвищення якості олійної продукції

Abstract

Goal. To study the inheritance of selection genetic determinants in F1 and subsequent generations of sunflower, which determine the increased content of fatty acids, vitamin E, and its components: α-, β-, γ-, σ-isomers of tocopherol in combination with morphobiological characteristics: oil content, protein, plant height, plant productivity, the weight of 1000 seeds in conditions of different years of testing, and create new isolines based on highly effective antioxidant activity of lines-restorers of pollen fertility. Methods. Hybridization in sunflower breeding with evaluation on laboratory equipment of oil quality by the content of tocopherol isomers, basic fatty acids, and by antioxidant activity. Seeds of inbred generations were grown in the Eastern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Results. A study has been carried out on the variability of fatty acids, isomers of tocopherols, antioxidant activity in the seeds of samples of genetic resources of sunflower, including sources created in leading research centers, as well as the working collection of domestic selection lines, F1 hybrids and hybrid populations of different levels of inbreeding with assessment in laboratory and field conditions in different years, during 2015–2020. Assessment of total tocopherols and individual isomers α, β, γ, σ, and antioxidant activity was determined by liquid chromatography on Smartline system (Knauer, Germany). The level of development of the main valuable economic traits was assessed in different periods of plant ontogenesis. The variability was established of tocopherol isomers α — with fluctuations of 1.01–56.79 mg%; β — 0.004–57.84; γ — 0.004–34.58; σ — 0.004–17.15 mg%. A classification is proposed according to the distribution used in the selection of newly created generations of sunflower and the development of quality standards for the content of tocopherols in oil. It is proved that the γ-isomer has the highest level of antioxidant activity. This promotes the use of this type of oil, which increases dozens of times the oxidation resistance. Indicators of the number of isomers important for sunflower breeding and oil quality were determined using classical selection genetic methods. The method of inbreeding of plants obtained as a result of crosses with donors of high tocopherol content and subsequent linear selection identified new isolines with altered content, which are characterized by valuable economic characteristics. Newly created lines X1716 B; X1717 B; X1719B and X1729B have a total content of tocopherols at the level of 41.29–48.26 mg% with different levels of individual isomers, which enriches the base of the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine. Conclusions. Existing genotypes were identified and the new lines with different content of tocopherol isomers and antioxidant activity were created. Indicators were improved of valuable economic characteristics — plant height, the weight of 1000 seeds, plant productivity, oil content in seeds, the content of certain fatty acids, disease resistance, the level of pollen fertility recovery, and combination ability.