Abstract
In the present paper, a fundamental equation for the friction factor of an additional pressure drop due to solid particles is first derived based on the observed flow pattern of solid particles reported in the previous study ( Part I) on an established flow at low fluid velocities in horizontal pipes. Next, an empirical equation for the friction factor is obtained by the substitution of the parameter of the gravitational force and the velocity ratio between solid particles and fluid determined in the previous study (Part II) into the foregoing equation; and the empirical equation thus derived shows high accuracy as more than 95% of predicted values agree with this experimental data within the error of ±20%.
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