Μελέτη της αλληλεπίδρασης προγονικών αιμοποιητικών κυττάρων και κυττάρων στρώματος του μυελού στην παθογένεια της απλαστικής αναιμίας

Abstract

In aplastic anemia (AA) the hypocellular bone marrow and blood pancytopenia occur as a result of damage to hematopoietic stem cells . Previous studies have shown that a profound quantitative and qualitative defect in the stem cell compartment is a common feature in most patients with AA. Clinical and laboratory data suggest that the immune system, especially T lymphocytes, have an important role in the development of AA. It is well established that IFN-γ and TNF-α mediate hematopoietic stem cell suppression in aplastic anemia. These proinflammatory cytokines exhibit additive rather than synergistic effect, which may be mediated by the IFN-γ-dependent increase in Fas expression on CD34+ progenitor cells and by the IFN-γ-inducible secretion of TNF-α by macrophages. Bone marrow total mononuclear and progenitor cells from aplastic anemia patients are more apoptotic than cells from normal donors, indicating that apoptosis may be a major mechanism of stem cell loss in aplastic anemia. The aim of our study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the immune-mediated pathology of aplastic anemia. Since aplastic anemia is a rare disease the existence of an easily reproducible model of in vitro hematopoietic cell suppression can facilitate studies concerning the molecular pathways of this disease. In our study, we reproduced such a model with the addition of the myelosuppressive cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α in a normal long term bone marrow culture system. In this model, we examined the Fas mediated pathway of apoptosis and especially the correlation between TRAIL expression and myelosuppression. We, also, studied these parameters in marrow cells from aplastic anemia patients. The IFN-γ and TNF-α inhibitory cytokines appeared to affect both immature LTC-ICs and more commited progenitor cells capable of lineage-specific colony formation (CFCs). In addition our progenitor cell assays results in patients, supported this unifying feature of reduced haematopoietic progenitor cells in aplastic anemia. TNF-α and IFN-γ treatment up-modulated Fas expression and induced apoptosis of 5-6 weeks cultured normal CD34+ cells, while normal freshly isolated and 5-6 weeks untreated cultured CD34+ cells showed no Fas mRNA expression. This finding, along with the low mRNA expression of caspase 3 and the absence of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase 8 expression, proposes the major role for activation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway due to treatment of BMMNC with TNF-α and IFN-γ. In parallel, the existence of the low Bcl-xl mRNA expression in the same cell compartment points to the importance of the ratio of pro-apoptotic to anti-apoptotic signals, in cell fate. The most interesting finding is the constant TRAIL mRNA expression on CD34+ cells in TNF-α/IFN-γ treated LTBMC, something not mentioned before. Molecular analysis of patients’ marrow cells revealed, apart from Fas mRNA expression in BMMNC and/or CD34+ cells, TRAIL mRNA expression in CD34+ cell population in active disease. Ιn contrast, in patients in remission, both Fas and TRAIL mRNA expression does not exist. Instead, in BMMNC’s cell compartment TRAIL mRNA expression remains a constant finding even in patients in remission. Additionally, the decreased expression of anti-apoptotic bcl-xl and/or bcl-2 in all patients’ BMMNCs and bcl-xl expression in CD34+ cells from patients with active disease, seems unable to inhibit the mechanism of apoptosis in aplastic anemia patients. In our study, the fact that the expression of TRAIL was constant on CD34+ cells in TNF-α/IFN-γ treated LTBMC and only in CD34+ cells of patients with active disease, points out its significance in apoptosis of progenitor cells. In conclusion, our in vitro model of hematopoietic suppression confirmed previous knowledge for participation of TNF-α and IFN-γ in the pathophysiology of marrow failure in aplastic anemia. In parallel, the molecular data both from the in vitro model, as well as from patients with aplastic anemia, reinforce the implication of Fas/FasL pathway in the pathogenesis of this disease and propose a probable role for TRAIL/Apo2L in the process.