ФИЛОСОФИЯ ВОСПИТАНИЯ ОПТИМИЗМА: АВТОРСКАЯ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ ИДЕЙ САРТРА-ФРАНКЛА-МАКАРЕНКО

Abstract

Introduction. In the context of today’s crisis of education, its transfer to “online rails” due to the increased incidence of coronavirus, the issue of the development of personality in the process of education and training is still a key one. In search of principles and methods for the development of optimism as an individual quality of personality, we turned to existential analysis and a humanistic approach. Materials and methods. Research was based on the methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, systematization of theoretical propositions by J.-P. Sartre, V.E. Frankl, A.S. Makarenko, and our interpretation of them and enabled us to conclude that A.S. Makarenko introduced the term optimism into the scientific discourse of pedagogy. The existential philosophy of the same historical period allowed the idea that a person could struggle with difficulties, courageously overcome them, relying not only on the goal, but also on persons’ own choice and sense, which is revealed in overcoming (J.-P. Sartre, V.E. Frankl). Results. Thus, we can conclude that optimism is an individual quality of personality, which is based on innate motivation for sense and acquired in the process of overcoming difficulties on the way to it, which means that it can be developed through coping with difficulties. We have identified some philosophical and pedagogical principles and methods, which, in our opinion, allow developing optimism as a kind of spiritual fortitude of a person, and this is the novelty of our research. Conclusion. The study has noted that philosophical principles and pedagogical techniques work provided there is a variability of their construction.