Историко-археологические исследования Тарской крепости

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In Russian archaeology, there has been a steady increase in the attention of scientists to the study of materials of Russian pioneers who founded the first Siberian towns, one of which is Tara.The first two centuries of its existence, the town was the southernmost outpost of the Russians in the Irtysh region, a military, trade and diplomatic center. During excavations in 2007-2020, an expedition of the Omsk archaeologists studied the sections of the Tara fortress proper, its guard part and the posad. In the cultural layer up to 4.5 meters thick, from 3 to 7 building horizons were cleared with the remains of up to 11 lower rims of residential (the estate of a rich tarchanin with all the buildings was excavated almost completely), economic structures (cellars, baths, wells), the remains of wooden pavements, gutters, boxes for garbage collection, the remains of fences and stockades that separate one dwelling from another. Studied two fortress towers - Knyazhya and Tobolskaya - and storage for gunpowder. There were also found places where the workshops of a tanner, a potter, a place for the production of mica windows were located. The good preservation of wooden structures and products made from organic materials (leather, wood, birch bark, silk and cotton fabrics) was facilitated by the special conditions for the formation of a wet cultural layer saturated with manure and wood chips.Foundations of churches destroyed during the years of Soviet power were found (Tikhvin, Assumption, Pyatnitskaya). The foundation of the Nikolsky Cathedral was excavated, around which there was a church cemetery. The objects found in the cultural layer allow us to speak about the directions of the Tara trade: China, the Bukhara Khanate, the European part of the Muscovite state and, through it, the western countries: definitely Poland and Venice. The same finds indicate that not only ethnic Russians from the northern parts of the state and indigenous Siberian Tatars lived in Tara, but also immigrants from the Polish-Lithuanian state (“Lithuania”, “Poles”, “Germans”), Sarts (Bukharlyk, Kirghiz) from Small and Big Bukharia.The obtained materials correlate well with the data of written sources, information on the geography and statistics of the peoples of the Irtysh region, and significantly supplement and expand the ideas of scientists about one of the first Siberian cities.