农作物景观生态研究:概念框架与研究方向

Abstract

针对当前农业系统中农作物景观变化迅速、人地关系趋于复杂、粮食安全保障需求迫切，提出景观生态学和农业科学交叉产生的农作物景观生态研究这一新兴研究方向。通过构建农作物景观生态研究的概念框架，辨明农业生产中复杂的景观等级结构，为农业可持续发展提供理论依据。综述从农业景观到农作物景观的研究变化，指出农作物景观具有高动态性、尺度性和格局复杂特征。针对由种植者、消费者、耕地及其周边自然环境组成的农业景观，需要遵循相应的生态和农业经济发展规律，研究农作物种植格局变化、农作物的社会-生态效应和农作物种植可持续性的景观生态途径。重点开展以下四个研究方面的内容，农作物景观时空动态及其形成机理、农作物种植的多功能评价与权衡、景观农艺管理措施及情景模拟、可持续的农作物景观生态评价。从而构建"格局-过程-服务-管理-可持续性"的农作物景观生态研究范式，为农业可持续发展提供综合的空间分析与管理途径，为实现农业农村现代化与城乡人类福祉提升提供科学支撑。;In view of rapid crop change in agricultural system, we develop a conceptual framework of cropping landscape ecology to solve the complex interaction between human and agricultural land system, and maintain the urgently demand for food security. Frist, we analyze the hierarchical cropping landscape of agricultural system and spatial mechanism of human-land interaction, which may provide theoretical basis for agricultural sustainable development. The hierarchical level of cropping landscape can be divided into five levels. It is agricultural region, agricultural landscape, agri-ecosystem, farmland patches, and crops, which corresponding to landscape pattern, ecological process, ecosystem services, agricultural management policy and scale. We also summarize the difference between agricultural landscape and cropping landscape, and figure out that cropping landscape has the characteristics of high dynamic and complex pattern in different scales. Then, we design the framework of cropping landscape ecology research, which needs to consider the different agents of famer, consumers, cultivated land and its surroundings. It is suggested to follow the corresponding principles of landscape ecology and agricultural development. The framework can be composed by three parts, the cropping landscape pattern, the social-ecological effect of cropping pattern changes and the landscape ecological approach of agricultural sustainability. Cropping landscape pattern research describes the spatiotemporal pattern and driving mechanism of crop types change, identifies the key socio-economic factors, and understands the relationship between crop pattern and process. The social-ecological effect of crops includes its ecological process, resource environmental effect and crop diversity effect. Based on the scientific paradigm of landscape ecology, the sustainable cropping landscape regulation can be assigned in cropping landscape pattern-ecological process-ecosystem services-crop management-crop system sustainability. Moreover, four aspects are figure out future research, namely spatiotemporal dynamics of cropping landscape and its driving forces, multi-functional agricultural landscape, landscape agronomic management, and agricultural sustainability evaluation approaches. The crop pattern is the premise of relevant research. The multi-functional assessment and trade-off of cropping system are the basis to guide the policy of crop diversity and landscape agronomy management. Landscape agronomy and scenario simulation are the basis for policy makers and farmers to change copping pattern and function. The sustainable assessment is based on the cropping pattern, process and ecosystem service to formulate the approach and design to evaluate the agricultural sustainability. In general, this study tries to design a sustainable landscape approach to serve the regulation of crop pattern. Cropping landscape ecology can be constructed to provide a comprehensive analysis and management approaches for agricultural sustainable development, and provide scientific foundation to achieve the agricultural and rural modernization and the improvement of human well-being.