КАТЕГОРІЯ «СПРАВЕДЛИВІСТЬ» У ПОЛІТИЧНІЙ ФІЛОСОФІЇ МАРКА ТУЛІЯ ЦИЦЕРОНА

Abstract

The article considers the interpretation features of category “justice”, by the Roman lawyer and political leader Marcus Tullius Cicero, based on the analysis of his works “On the State” and “On the Laws”. The author proves, that Cicero, keeping the line of Plato and Aristotle, who were the spokesmen of city-state, acts from humanistic and universal positions. This fact allows us to speak about him as about a theorist of cosmopolitan justice. Political justice, theoretically expressed in “consensus of status” principle and practically embodied in the model of mixed government, according to Cicero, as well as before in Aristotle’s philosophy, did became the result of appeasement of the Roman society but not of abstract outlook and the way of solving problems of practical policy. Ideological basis of justice, which realized in moderately conservative position of Cicero himself, is obvious. The other and no less important aspect of political justice according to Cicero is the law, and to be more exact “the natural” law (as he follows his predecessors). Cicero understand it as a certain moral and ethical substance of civil law and civil community itself. As a whole the natural law doctrine of Cicero, which includes the principles of a global community of people and gods, general ethical (and legal) equality, natural love for people and moral obligation as the basis of law, presents a classic model of the concept of justice based on humanistic ideals.