Διερεύνηση και συγκριτική ανάλυση ρυθμιστικών πλαισίων ευελιξίας ζήτησης ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας και προώθησης της ηλεκτροκίνησης στην Ευρώπη

Abstract

Climate change, air pollution and the depletion of fossil fuels have led to the need for a transition to a renewable energy source (RES)-based energy system. However, the variability of RES poses serious challenges concerning the balance between supply and demand in the electricity grid, which triggers the need for the implementation of new demand-side management mechanisms. At the same time, the high penetration of RES to the electricity system carries the risk of the electricity supply costs increase for the vulnerable social groups who are unable to follow the new demand side management models. Various business models and tools have been developed in order to address both the technical and socio-economic constraints that arise. The present thesis investigates the dynamic of demand response and electromobility, for the reduction of the negative effects and the equal distribution of the benefits of the transition to a renewable energy source-based energy system. It presents the different applications of these two demand-side management tools and examines them in terms of the benefits they offer, the limitations that arise during their implementation and the ways in which they can be overcome. Furthermore, it reviews the European Directives that pushed the European countries to integrate such applications into their national regulatory frameworks and evaluates to which extent has each country achieved that. Specifically, it presents the regulatory frameworks that are presently applied in 17 European countries, including Greece, and makes a comparative summary. From this summary, conclusions can be drawn about which applications of demand response, and which electromobility promotion measures are most often observed in Europe, and about which countries have achieved to integrate them into their energy system to a greater extent.