Μελέτη αποδέσμευσης ιόντων δισθενούς χαλκού από σύμπλοκα πολυηλεκτρολυτών με αντίθετα φορτισμένες επιφανειοδραστικές ενώσεις

Abstract

At this thesis, the parameters that influence the interaction and the release of copper ions and/or of cationic surfactants as hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) or hexadecyltrimethyl phosphonium bromide (PC16) from opposite charged polyelectrolytes, are studied. Different polymeric matrixes that are consisted either by commercially available polymers or by polymers that were synthesized for this purpose, were used in order, the influence of the polymer structure to the release rate of copper ions, to be identified. As these ions can behave as biocides, the practical purpose of this study is the possible application of these polymers to self-polishing antifouling paints. Random or block amphiphilic copolymers, whose hydrophilic monomer can interact with copper ions and/or the surfactants, such as styrene sulfonate (SSNa), maleic acid (MAc) and acrylic acid (AA), while the hydrophobic one, which is introduced for the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity control, such as methyl methacrylate (MMA), were prepared. In addition, for comparison, the copolymer of maleic acid with vinyl acetate (VAc), (P(VAc-co-MAc)) was prepared. The alternative copolymer of maleic acid with ethylene was also used. The random copolymers P(MMAx-co-SSNa), P(MMAx-co-AA) were synthesized by free radical polymerization while the block copolymers PMMAx-b-PSSNa and PSSNa-b-PMMAx were synthesized through atom transfer polymerization (ATRP), using either PMMA or PSSNa as macroinitiator. The molecular weights of the copolymers were determined by SEC while their structure was identified by 1H-NMR and FT-IR. The copolymer composition in MMA untis is between 10-65 mol% as it was determined by 1H-NMR and TGA. The ability of self-assembling of random and block copolymers (P(MMAx-co-SSNa) και PSSNa-b-PMMAx) in aqueous solution was studied by pyrene fluorescence probing. The block copolymers was found to present self-assembling properties as they have lower critical micellization concentration. The binding of Cu2+ by the above mentioned polymers in dilute solutions was achieved through ion-exchange procedure using the sodium salt form of the copolymers or through neutralization of the acid form of the polymers using Cu(OH)2. Tholometry, viscometry and UV-Vis spectrometry were used to study this binding. The interaction of Cu2+ with the polymers leads to the shrinkage of the polymer chains. To the copolymers that contain carboxylic groups this shrinkage is more intense and leads to macroscopic phase separation, as the ratio of Cu2+ to the carboxylic groups is near the stoichiometry, as a consequence of complexes formation. The UV-Vis study of P(Eth-alt- MAc) denoted the formation of binuclear complexes between the Cu2+ and the carboxylic groups. These complexes can behave as crosslinks of the polymer chains. As a result, in semi-dilute solutions, gels are formed. Interestingly, the viscoelastic properties of these gels are dependent on the time elapsed from the mixture of the Cu2+ with the polymer. The interaction of polyelectrolytes that contain SSNa units, with opposite charged surfactant CTAΒ was studied. The interaction of homopolymer PSSNa or of the blocks copolymers PSSNa-b-PMMAx with CTAB leads to phase separation as the ratio of these compounds is near the stoichiometry. On the contrast, the interaction of CTAB with random copolymers P(MMAx-co- SSNa) where x=33-47mol%, leads to the formation of very viscous solutions or weak gels. By the study of the rheological properties of these systems, the influence of the polymer concentration, the molar ratio CTAΒ/SSNa and the ionic strength was found. All the above mentioned polymers where used for the preparation of hybrid materials that contain Cu2+. CTAΒ ή PC16 were also introduced to some of them in order to take a water insoluble material. The final purpose of this thesis was to control the release of Cu+2 ions from the prepared hybrid materials in aqueous NaCl 1M solution. The Cu+2 -release studies were performed photometrically using a selective dye (bathocuproine). As a result, the influence of many parameters such as the presence of hydrophobic monomers, their type and their content, the architecture of the copolymers (random or blocks), the introduction and the type of surfactants, the way of introduction of copper ions to the polymers and the type of their interaction was studied. The compatibility of all these materials with matrixes which are used in the antifouling paints was studied. In case that this compatibility was satisfying, antifouling paints using these polymeric materials (PSSNa/CTAB, PSSNa/PC16, P(SSNa50-co-MANa)/CuPC16, P(VAc-co-MANa)/Cu) were prepared. The morphology of the surface of these paints and the changes to their thickness was studied by SEM after staying in aqueous solution of NaCl 5M. Their behavior to real conditions (sea) is being studied.