ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ІДЕЇ КУЛЬТУРИ В ІСТОРИЧНО-ЧАСОВОМУ КОНТЕКСТІ

Abstract

The relevance of this study is related to the growing importance of the cultural sphere in the context of states development and regulation as well as international/intercultural relations and communication. The problems of the modern world include economic and cultural inequality, increase immigration, wars on the grounds of culture and religion, conflicts of modern and traditional values, and even clash of civilizations which can lead to serious and tragic consequences as well as destabilization of the world community. Today, most states in the world have a cultural policy that regulated not only libraries, museums, galleries, artists, and overall cultural industries but also deals with problems related to citizenship and cultural identity as well as with preservation of cultural heritage and values.The purpose of the article is to study the evolution of the idea of culture in the context of the development of humanities and socio-cultural changes in European civilization which led to the emergence of cultural policy. The objectives of the study are: to analyze conceptual approaches to understanding the idea of culture at different stages of its development from Ancient Greece to present times; to find out the genetic connection of the modern versatile concept of culture in the context of the development of scientific knowledge and methodology; to understand the connection between popularization of the term culture and emergence of cultural policy. The methodology of the study is based on basic philosophical and dialectical interrelation (interconnection), development, consistency, and historicism. To achieve the purpose of the study was used analytical, logical, chronological, genetic, and historical methods which help to trace the development of the idea of culture from Ancient to present times. Thanks to the structural-functional and comparative methods it is possible to find out the essence of changes in approaches to the study and understanding of the phenomenon of culture in different historical periods. The results of the study showed that the idea of culture is a European formation connected with socio-cultural changes and paradigm shifts in European civilization. Values of Modernity such as anthropocentrism, humanism, liberalism, and rationalism have created an opportunity for the formation of science as a powerful social institution. The crisis of science in the nineteenth century led to the division of science and humanities. The gnoseological orientation of German philosophy in that period developed a methodology for history and other “sciences of culture” as well as contributed to the emergence of the philosophy of culture. The emergence of new empirical data from new sciences and philosophical explorations created three distinct understandings of this term that have been gradually replenished. The crisis of culture in the twentieth century and the growing interest in the problems of culture led to the emergence of “cultural policy” and reflection about culture as the constitutive element of economic and political and vice versa