Βιοτεχνολογική αξιοποίηση αποβλήτων ελαιοτριβείων για παραγωγή υδρογόνου

Abstract

Olive mill wastes constitute one of the most important environmental problems of Mediterranean region, because of their thoughtless disposal. It is characteristic that, approximately 95% world’s olive oil production is derived from small, familiar enterprises which are mainly located in Mediterranean countries. The biotechnological exploitation of olive mill wastes for anaerobic hydrogen production was the aim of this thesis. In details, the possibility of hydrogen production from semi-solid residue derived from two-phase centrifugation process (olive pulp) and olive mill wastewater derived from three-phase centrifugation process (OMW) was examined with mixed anaerobic cultures under mesophilic conditions. The wastes were previously diluted with tap water (1:4), in order to be susceptible for biological treatment. Various experiments in CSTR type reactors showed that, the continuous mesophilic anaerobic hydrogen production is feasible from diluted olive pulp (1:4) and diluted OMW (1:4) as well. The potential of hydrogen production from diluted olive pulp (1:4) was lower than the maximum theoretical potential (4 mol H2/mol consumed glucose) probably due to the negative effect of partial pressure of hydrogen. The anaerobic digestion model No 1 (ADM1) was properly modified in order to describe the anaerobic hydrogen production. All the model’s critical parameters were determined by fitting the experimental data of continuous anaerobic hydrogen production from diluted olive pulp (1:4), while batch experiments were conducted for their verification. In order to examine the validity and the reliability of the modified model for the description of anaerobic hydrogen production from various types of olive mill wastes, it was also tested in the case of diluted ΟMW (1:4) anaerobic treatment. Pretreatment methods of diluted olive pulp (1:4) were developed and evaluated (physicochemical methods and enzyme hydrolysis) targeting to the increase of soluble carbohydrates available concentration, while in the cases where this was achieved the effect on hydrogen potential was investigated. This attempt was based on the conclusion derived from batch experiments, indicated that, the non-soluble carbohydrates contribute to anaerobic hydrogen production only to a very small extent, with their concentration correspond approximately to 50% of waste content in total carbohydrates. Among the physicochemical methods that were applied (addition of alkaline solution, ozonation, treatment with steam), the treatment with steam (1 bar, 121oC) for 60 min was selected as the optimum method, because the achieved increase in soluble carbohydrates concentration was the highest (about 26%) with the least economic cost. The potential of anaerobic hydrogen production was increased approximately 45% (expressed as mL H2/g soluble carbohydrates consumed). Two commercial enzyme solutions, Celluclast 1.5L (endo-β-glucanase) and Novozyme 188 (β-glucosidase), were used for the enzymatic hydrolysis of diluted olive pulp (1:4). Conclusively, the potential of anaerobic hydrogen production from diluted olive pulp (1:4) was optimum with the addition of Celluclast 1.5L (50 FPU/g non soluble carbohydrates from substrate) and substrate/mixed culture volume ratio (S/X) equal to 1 in one stage process (Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation, SSF) Finally, enzyme (Celluclast 1.5L) was added into the CSTR-type reactor in order to determine the effect in the potential of anaerobic hydrogen production from diluted olive pulp (1:4).