Abstract
Goal. To study the degree of contamination, the species of micromycetes and the content of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, patulin) in feed for cattle for 2018 and the first half of 2019 and to carry out a retrospective analysis of contamination of feed with micromycetes over the last 5 years. Methods. Mycological and micotoxicological study was conducted in accordance with generally accepted and developed in the laboratory of Toxicological monitoring methods of determination. Results. Level of contamination with micromycetes in 87 samples of feed for cattle in 2018–2019 exceeded the maximum permissible level (MPL) in 73.6% of samples. The major ones were: feed — 23,4%, mono feeds and silage — 18,7% each, straw — 10,9%, and hay — 7.8%. The main pollutants of the feed were micromycetes of the family Mucoraceae — 25.6%, and of species: Aspergillus Mich. — 24,7, Penicillium Linc. 9.5, Fusarium Linc. — 3.3, other — 36.9%. 35 samples of feed were examined on the presence of mycotoxins. Only one sample of feed has zearalenone (0,88 mg/kg, which is 76% higher than MPL). Aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, patulin and zearalenone were outside the method definition, and did not exceed MPL. Conclusions. The level of contamination with micromycetes of feed for cattle in 2018 and the first half of 2019 remained high, including poor quality (higher than MPL), and was 73.3% and 73.8% respectively. The main pollutants of the feed were moldy saprophytes of family Mucoraceae — 25.6%, and species: Aspergillus Mich. — 24,7%, Penicillium Linc. — 9.5%, Fusarium Linc. — 3.3%, other — 36.9%. The presence of aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, patulin and zearalenone in quantities higher than MPL in 34 samples of feed was fixed. Only in the sample of feed zearalenone was determined — 0,88 mg/kg of feed, which is 76% higher than MPL.
Highlights
One of the many negative environmental factors that affect the safety of feed materials and feeds are micromycetes and their secondary metabolites - mycotoxins
The purpose of the work is to investigate the degree of contamination, species affiliation of micromycetes and the content of mycotoxins in the feeds used in the livestock industry of Ukraine in 2018 – the first half of 2019 and to compare the results with previous years
Mycological studies of the samples were performed according to generally accepted methods, in particular: the degree of contamination of feed with microscopic fungi was determined by the number of colony-forming units (CFU) per 1 g of feed under primary seeding in nutrient medium [7, 8]; species affiliation of isolates of microscopic fungi was determined by comparing cultural and morphological characteristics of the isolated mycobiota with the descriptions given in the determinants of micromycetes, and with museum strains of test cultures [9,10,11,12]
Summary
The degree of contamination with microscopic fungi of feed for cattle was determined. It should be noted that the number of isolates of the genus Aspergillus Mich. This is due to heat and dryness in early summer of that year (temperatures in June reached 30-35°C), and such climatic conditions are optimal for the growth of many species of micromycetes of the genus Aspergillus Mich. The number of isolates of the Mucoraceae family was identified in a clear dependence on weather conditions (temperature and humidity). The total species number of micromycete, toxic metabolite isolates in the genus,%. Asp. ochraceus — ochratoxins A, B, C, D, aflatoxin, patulin, etc
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