Μελέτη νέων φωτοενεργών υλικών με περιβαλλοντικές εφαρμογές

Abstract

Transparent nanocrystalline titania films have been deposited on glass slides by using sol-gel procedures carried out in the presence of the surfactant Triton X-100. Films were calcined at 550 oC to ensure destruction of all organic residues but they still retained structures that consist of small nanoparticles and very high active surface areas, larger than expected for such high heating temperatures. Nanocrystallites are formed due to surfactant self organization that acts as a template. Characterization of the films has been made by various techniques (UV-Vis, XRD, B.E.T, FTIR, AFM). These films are very efficient for photodegradation of various dyes, especially the Basic Blue 41, either in air or in aqueous solutions. Three different chemical structures of dyes were used for photodegradation in aqueous solutions: Basic Blue 41, Acid Orange 7, and Crystal Violet and their photodegradation rates have been compared. A very low load of TiO2 (154 mg/l) is capable of bleaching dilute solutions in only a few hours by shining black light of 0.7 mW/cm2. An inexpensive and simple reactor of cylindrical symmetry was described which employs a 4 W black-light tube as light source. The catalyst can be easily recovered and can be repeatedly used without loss of efficiency. Finally, thin films of pure or doped nanocrystalline titania have been deposited on glass slides by using the same sol-gel procedure, in order to compare their photocatalytic activity for photodegradation of aqueous solution of dyes. Fe3+, Cr3+ and Co2+ were used as dopants while the doping extended in a broad domain from very low to very high levels. The presence of dopants resulted in a progressive loss of total crystallinity, some transition from anatase to rutile and, in the case of Co2+, formation of the mixed oxide cobalt titanate. Loss of anatase had dramatic consequences on photocatalytic efficiency by UV-Vis excitation, which decreased fast by increasing dopant concentration. Selected visible excitation of the doped titania could lead to photodegradation of the dye but to a far lesser degree than UV-Vis excitation. In any case, direct UV excitation of pure titania is a more efficient photocatalytic process than visible excitation of doped titania.