Αρχαιολογικά κεραμικά ΒΔ Πελοποννήσου και προέλευση των πρώτων υλών τους

Abstract

Petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical research was carried out on Roman ceramic lamps and Hellenistic and Archaic wares derived from excavations in northwestern Peloponnese. The studied sherds of Roman lamps (the late 1st A.D. - until the end of the 3rd - early 4th c. AD.) were collected from three excavations in the city of Patras, two pottery Workshops (A:produced red-painted lamps and B:produced unpainted lamps) and one Lychnomanteion. Until the excavations brought to light the existence of the two lamp Workshops (A and B), it was assumed that the red-painted lamps were imported from Italy and the unpainted lamps were imported from Corinth so as they were called “imported” and “Corinthian” lamps respectively. A deposit of Archaic ceramic sherds, dating from the late 7th - early 6th c. BC and Hellenistic sherds have been unearthed in the excavation of an Hellenistic settlement of Ancient Dyme (3th - 2nd c. BC) in the city of Kato Achaia. These sherds represent individual wares such as: skyphos, pinakio and krateras, and they display typological influence by Corinthian wares. The study of the petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of ceramic samples allowed us to determine the provenance of the raw materials used by ancient potters for their productions. Also a database is created based on these archaeometric characteristics of ancient fine wares in northwestern Peloponnese. The provenance of raw materials for the production of the Roman lamps and the Archaic and Hellenistic sherds is similar and derived from the local Plio-Pleistocene lagoon and lacustrine sediments of northwestern Peloponnese. Clay samples were collected from the Plio-Pleistocene deposits around the excavations and they were subjected to petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical analyses. The comparison of the results of their analyses with those of ancient ceramics indicated complete similarity. A comparison of the rare earth element and trace elements variation diagrams (spidergrams) between ancient ceramics and clay samples shows that the geochemical patterns of the ancient ceramics are very similar and fit well to the geochemical patterns of the local clay samples. These similarities strongly confirm the above suggestion that the ancient ceramics were produced from clay-rich sedimentary deposits of NW Peloponnese. The firing-temperature which was estimated based on the optical activity of micromass and the new mineral phases crystallized during firing (fassaite, gehlenite, anorthite, sanidine) indicated that for Roman lamps and Archaic and Hellenistic wares, the firing temperature ranged from Τ<700°C to Τ≥1000°C with a prevailing oxidizing atmosphere in the kilns. The potters in Archaic and Hellenistic times paid greater attention to the application of the firing conditions such as temperature, atmosphere and firing time than potters in Roman period. For Roman lamps their raw material does not seem to have been subjected to any initial processes (e.x. levigation, settling, sieving), in contrast the raw materials of the Archaic and Hellenistic sherds could have been subjected to a small refinement. Using local clay material, ceramic bricks produced in the laboratory in order to facilitate through their comparison the ‘identification’ of raw materials and firing conditions of ancient ceramics. The macroscopic, petrographic, mineralogical results of ceramic bricks are similar or identical to those of ancient ceramics. The archaeometric study of Roman ceramic lamps and Hellenistic and Archaic wares from excavations in NW Peloponnese aims to contribute to future comparison such as : 1. Between lamps produced in Patraian workshops with lamps produced in Corinthian, Athenian and Italian workshops in order to determine the provenance of their raw materials and technology. 2. Workshop A and B exported lamps. So the comparison of the archaeometric data of their lamps with the archaeometric data of lamps which have been found or will be found in excavations out of Achaia county, will help to decipher if the latter lamps were produced in Workshops A or B. 3. The Archaic and Hellenistic fine sherds studied here were produced in workshops established in the county of Achaia. The comparison of their archaeometric data with that data of fine wares (same typology and chronology) collected in excavations of other regions may give information about the commercial and financial dealings of the inhabitants of the Achaia county (Ancient Dyme).