ПОКОЛЕНИЯ МЕТОДОВ СЕКВЕНИРОВАНИЯ ДНК (ОБЗОР)

Abstract

Several decades have passed since the development of the revolutionary DNA sequencing method by Frederick Sanger and his colleagues. After the Human Genome Project, the time interval between sequencing technologies began to shrink, while the volume of scientific knowledge continued to grow exponentially. Following Sanger sequencing, considered as the first generation, new generations of DNA sequencing were consistently introduced into practice. Advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have contributed significantly to this trend by reducing costs and generating massive sequencing data. To date, there are three generations of sequencing technologies. Second generation se-quencing, which is currently the most commonly used NGS technology, consists of library preparation, amplification and sequencing steps, while in third generation sequencing, individual nucleic acids are sequenced directly to avoid bias and have higher throughput. The development of new generations of sequencing has made it possible to overcome the limitations of traditional DNA sequencing methods and has found application in a wide range of projects in molecular biology. On the other hand, with the development of next generation technologies, many technical problems arise that need to be deeply analyzed and solved. Each generation and sequencing platform, due to its methodological approach, has specific advantages and disadvantages that determine suitability for certain applications. Thus, the assessment of these characteristics, limitations and potential applications helps to shape the directions for further research on sequencing technologies.