Abstract
The aim of the study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) accumulation and transformation rate and pathways in soil under the model experiment conditions with artificial pollution. Location of the study. The work was carried out in the Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Assessment, Southern Federal University (Rostov-on-Don), and in the Botanical Garden, Southern Federal University (Rostov-on-Don, Russia). Methodology. Extraction of BaP from the soil was carried out by the saponification method. The qualitative and quantitative determination of BaP and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence detection. Main results. The study showed that BaP accumulation in ordinary chernozem depended on the rate of pollutant addition. The first year of the experiment showed 11-40% decrease in the soil BaP concentration, and two years later soil BaP concentration was found to decrease down to 15-44% from the initial soil BaP content. The relative soil BaP concentration decrease was found to increase with increasing rate of xenobiotic addition, and to decrease in the second year of the experiment. The increased rate of BaP addition into the soil of the model experiment led to the increase in other high molecular mass polyarenes, which indicated a fairly rapid BaP transformation in the Chernozem Ordinary. The soil PAHs content in the first year of the model experiment could be ranked as: pyrene> chrysene> fluoranthene> phenanthrene, with their bulked content exceeding 20% of the total soil PAHs content. In the second year of the experiment, a different rank pattern was observed in priiority PAHs: pyrene> chrysene> phenanthrene> fluoranthene, with their bulked content exceeding 20% of the total soil PAH content. Conclusion. The content of all PAHs, mostly of high molecular mass polyarenes, in the artificially polluted soil of the model experiment, increased with the increased rate of pollutant application, indicating a rather high degree of xenobiotics accumulation by Chernozem Ordinary. The PAHs accumulation and transformation in soil under artificial pollution showed the degradation of polycyclic PAHs into polyarenes with less number of rings (2-4 rings). During the two years of the model experiment, the concentration of BaP in the soil decreased up to 9–44%, indicating high potential of chernozemic soils for benzpyrene decomposition.
Highlights
Процент снижения концентрации БаП в черноземной почве возрастает с увеличением дозы внесенного ксенобиотика, и снижается на второй год проведения эксперимента
The study showed that BaP accumulation in Haplic Chernozem depended on the rate of pollutant addition
The increased rate of BaP addition into the soil of the model experiment led to the increase in other high molecular mass polyarenes, which indicated a fairly rapid BaP transformation in the Haplic Chernozem
Summary
Для модельного эксперимента использовали БаП, как наиболее токсичный представитель ПАУ, который обладает мутагенной и канцерогенной активностью, а также потенциально опасен для здоровья человека (Zelinkova, Wenzl, 2015; Янышева и др., 2008), относится к веществам первого класса опасности и является главным маркером загрязнения почв ПАУ (Castano-Vinyals et al, 2004). В подготовленные сосуды опытов в соответствии со схемой вносили 2 кг почвы, просеянной через сито с диаметром ячеек 2 мм. В течение 2-х лет исследований сосуды засевали тест-культурой в начале апреля так, чтобы отбор образцов был возможен до наступления отрицательных температур во избежание дополнительной деструкции БаП. В 1-й и 2-й годы проведения модельного эксперимента перед посевом ячменя почву в сосудах перемешивали и отбирали средний образец для определения содержания ПАУ. Далее экстракцию проводили на шейкере в течение 10 минут при частоте движения 135 перемешиваний в минуту. В полученный сухой остаток добавляли 1 мл ацетонитрила, выдерживали 30 минут и проводили анализ методом ВЭЖХ с обращенно-фазной колонкой. Идентификацию БаП проводили методом ВЭЖХ по относительным временам удерживания стандартного образца при детектировании на флуориметрическом детекторе (UV-1000 и FL-3000). Хроматограмма почвенного экстракта по стандартам приоритетных ПАУ (время выхода БаП – 25,903 мин)
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