漢字文化圈的弛緩與聚集 : 建設新漢字文化圈的課題

Abstract

Before East Asian countries created the writing system, Chinese characters were the tool to establish the ‘Pax Sinica’. Today’s Chinese characters culture is different from that of that time. The Han nationality emigrated overseas around the 20th century, while the political and economic status of the Chinese circle increased, and the requirement of learning Chinese increased accordingly. Thus, although Chinese characters culture expanded to the non-Chinese character cultural circle, but its status has weakened in East Asia. American culture, Buddhist culture, dietary culture are constructed on the basis of the same region, religion and life. On the contrary, Chinese character culture refers to the culture using Chinese characters as writing tools, or the culture derived from Chinese characters. Therefore, if we want to grasp the essence of Chinese character culture circle, we need to study Chinese characters and Chinese character culture in depth, and its research should not only look for traces of the past, but based on them, it should study the main role of the Chinese character culture in the history of human civilization. Recently, the cultural circle of non-Chinese characters has begun to pay attention to Chinese characters, but its main purpose is to learn foreign languages. Generally speaking, Chinese learners in the cultural circle of non-Chinese characters are not as good at reading and listening as those in the cultural circle of non-Chinese characters. This shows that it is not easy to understand the Chinese character culture phenomenon other than learning Chinese characters. The more active the education of Chines e as a foreign language, the duller the traditional Chinese character education will be, which will lead to the relaxation of the Chinese character cultural circle. In addition, as the fortress of the Chinese character cultural circle, the countries in the Chinese circle also have several problems. Because of the development of information and communication technology, more and more people cannot write, and less and less attention is paid to the classics. Learning simplified characters and Pinyin helps to communicate, but this relatively ignores the cultural elements of Chinese characters. For this reason, the scope of Chinese characters is expanding now, but the depth of the Chinese characters is becoming shallow. In order to preserve the beneficial value of Chinese culture, and at the same time to build a new cultural circle of Chinese characters according to the current requirements, this paper puts forward several topics. First, the classical education of Chinese education should be strengthened. Since vocabulary learning alone cannot fully understand the implications of Chinese character culture, a teaching method based on classical literature should be established. Secondly, Chinese education should be carried out with classical literary education. It has nothing to do with modern Chinese education, which focuses mainly on spoken language, but students studying high-quality Chinese require special education in classical Chinese. thirdly, it is necessary to actively research and develop cultural factors and applications in Chinese character education. Fourth, as the Chinese characters and vocabulary differ in usage according to the change in cultural environment, a full study of them is needed. Keywords : Chinese characters, Chinese culture, Chinese characters education, Chinese education 东亚各国创造文字系统之前, 汉字是能成立“中华帝国(Pax Sinica)”的工具｡ 如今的汉字文化与当时不同, 20世纪前后汉族移居海外, 而中华圈的政治与经济地位提高了, 随之学习汉语的要求也增加了｡ 于是, 汉字文化虽扩展到非汉字文化圈, 但在东亚地区里其地位却变弱了｡ 美国文化, 佛教文化, 饮食文化是在同样的地区, 宗教以及生活的基础上建构的｡ 相反, 汉字文化指的是以汉字作为书写工具的文化, 或从汉字衍生出来的文化｡ 故若要掌握汉字文化圈的本质, 则需要深入研究汉字和汉字文化, 并且其研究不仅寻找过去的痕迹, 而且探讨当前千变万化的样子｡ 进而以此为基础, 考察汉字文化圈在人类文明史上的主要作用｡ 最近非汉字文化圈开始关注汉字, 但其目的主要为学外语而已｡ 一般非汉字文化圈的汉语学习者, 写作能力不如阅读与听说能力好, 由此可知除了学习汉字以外理解汉字文化现象也并不容易｡ 对外汉语教育越活跃, 则传统汉字教育越沉闷, 这能引发汉字文化圈的松弛｡ 此外, 作为汉字文化圈的堡垒, 中华圈国家也具有几个问题｡ 因发展信息通讯技术, 而会说不会写的人越来越多, 对古典的关注越来越少｡ 学习简体字和拼音有助于提高沟通能力, 但这相对忽视了汉字的文化因素, 因而可以说如今汉字文化圈的范围变大, 但其深度却在变浅｡ 为了保存汉字文化的有益的价值, 同时为了按当前的要求构建新的汉字文化圈, 本文提出几个课题｡ 第一, 加强汉语教育中的古典教育｡ 词汇学习不能够理解汉字文化的含义, 因而需要采用汇集古典文献资料而成的教学法；第二, 汉语教育与古典(汉文)教育并行｡ 与以口语为主的现代汉语教育无关, 需要专门教育古典文言文, 此有助于学习高级汉语的学生解决问题；第三, 在汉字教育方面研究开发文化因素与应用｡ 积极开发汉字蕴含的文化因素, 并应用于实际教育中；第四, 随着文化环境的改变, 汉字与词汇具有不同的使用法, 因而需要对其研究｡ 无论作为汉字的发源地的中国, 还是韩国, 越南和日本等汉字文化圈各个国家, 其汉字与词汇都蕴含着各国的生活内容和精神思维｡ 目前针对汉字的基本因素形, 音, 义的研究已有相当的成果, 故此后对其蕴含的文化意义需要进行更深入的研究｡ 關鍵字 : 汉字, 文化, 汉字文化, 汉字教育, 汉语教育