유럽의 이슬람 세계에 대한 식민주의 팽창과 수피 종단의 저항 운동

Abstract

This article examines the military resistance movements against the European colonialism led by Sufi orders in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, focusing on the cases of the Qādiriyya in Algerian, the Sanūsiyya in Libya, and the Sammāniyya in Sudan.BR It is well known that Sufism, which is often defined as “Islamic mysticism”, seeks personal salvation through spiritual union with God. Traditionally, therefore, Sufis were characterized by their asceticism, especially by their attachment to dhikr, the practice of remembrance of God. For the same reason, Sufis devoted themselves to monastic life ignoring worldliness.BR However, when faced with the crises triggered by the European colonialism, many Sufis changed their traditional attitudes and took an active part in the world affairs. They led military resistance movements against the expansion of colonialism of the European powers across the entire Islamic world.BR Among the various Sufi groups that participated in the anti-colonial resistance movements, this article focuses on the Qādiriyya, the Sanūsiyya, and the Sammāniyya. First, the Qādiriyya of Algeria led the military resistance against the French from 1832 to 1847. Second, the Sanūsiyya of Libya fought a long-term war against Italy’s invasion from 1911 to 1931. Lastly, the Mahdi movement, which had been initiated by the Sammāniyya in Sudan, led the struggle against Egypt, the Ottoman, and the British from 1881 to 1898.