안토니오 그람시와 파시즘의 은유들 ―그람시의 파시즘 해석과 그 현재적 함의―

Abstract

The fact that major scholars in comparative fascist studies shed light on Gramsci’s interpretation of fascism, implies its richness and actual validity. This article elucidates his interpretation of fascism as a whole and highlights the relevant issues. It focuses on his metaphorical categories like bonapartism, caesarism, totalitarian politics, passive revolution and war of position which were presented in the Prison Notebooks , having in mind the continuity in his thought. Rather than defining and categorizing fascism as is the case with ‘generic fascism’ in comparative fascist studies, Gramsci explored the more inclusive historical and worldwide processes into which fascism was inserted. Thus, he excavated the new meanings embedded in fascism in comparison with the contemporary phenomena like ‘Americanism’ and construction of socialism in Soviet Russia. In such broad perspective, his attention was paid to fascism’s novelty and transformative forces, in contrast to the mainstream marxist interpretation, by bringing into relief the political and cultural changes introduced by fascism in the postwar hegemonic struggles and their European and worldwide influences. In this respect, Gramsci’s interpretation of fascism can give some significant implications to the recent comparative fascist studies which place emphasis on the hybrid and transnational dimensions of fascism.