Анализ конкурентоспособности теплоэлектроцентралей на рынке электроэнергии и тепла

Abstract

The competitiveness of the country’s economy depends primarily on the competitiveness of its industry, and, taking the climatic features into account, this economy indicator also depends to a significant degree on the cost of energy resources. The structures characterizing the consumption of electricity and heat in Russian Federation differ considerably from each other. The performed analysis shows that the fraction of electricity consumed by the population is about 14% (on the average over the country), whereas the fraction of heat consumed in the district heating system is about 40%. It should also be noted that the share of combined heat and power plants (CHPPs) in the generation of electricity is about 30%, whereas their share in the supply of heat in cities can reach 80%. Therefore, the question of posting the costs between the production of electricity and heat at power plants operating in the cogeneration mode is not only a technical, but also an important socio-economic matter. The article presents a methodological approach to analyzing the competitiveness of CHPPs in the market of electricity and heat taking into account the posting of fuel costs at power plants operating in the cogeneration mode. The importance and the necessity of using both thermodynamic and economic techniques is governed by the fact that, along with the need to compete in the markets of heat and electricity, CHPPs have to fight for the right to be included into the municipal heat supply development schemes, as well as into the electric power industry development schemes at the regional and federal levels. In view of the general requirements of making the Russian Federation economy more efficient and less energy intensive, poor fuel efficiency of production (useful output) of electric or thermal energy from a cogeneration plant may entail the need of its decommissioning. If we succeed in solving the problem of determining the conditions under which a CHPP operating in the cogeneration mode will be competitive concurrently in the fuel component with the best available technologies for separate generation of heat and electricity, we will be able to assess the competitiveness of the projects under consideration and to select the most promising options. The majority of methods for posting the fuel consumption at a power plant operating in the cogeneration mode between electricity and heat have been taken into account. This approach opens the possibility to make unbiased decisions on the feasibility of decommissioning CHPPs and constructing new power plants and boiler houses.