개경과 한경의 행정체제와 영역 편제의 특징

Abstract

Goryeo had a multi-centered perception of the world, with Buddhism at its primary core. Its Capital city, Gae’gyeong(開京), can be described as a Buddhist city. Joseon was a dynasty that aspired to become a Confucian state, so Han’gyeong(漢京) can be regarded as a Confucian city. Then again, both cities featured basically similar geographic traits, and positions of major structures and buildings were not that different from each other. This is because Joseon’s Han’gyeong was originally the Nam’gyeong(南京, Southern capital) city of the Goryeo dynasty.BR So, in both these cities the Goryeo order still remained. We can see that from Goryeo’s Gae’gyeong capital and its ‘Gaeseong-bu’ authorities, and Joseon’s Han’gyeong capital and its ‘Hanseong-bu’ authorities, as well as the “Five-Bu” system including the Bang and Ri counties that existed in both Goryeo and Joseon periods. Below are some characteristics.BR First, while Goryeo had sometimes two Capital cities(Yang’gyeong-je, 兩京制), and sometimes even three, in most cases Gae’gyeong and Seo’gyeong were the two primary pillars of such system. The Joseon government also -in its early days- operated both the new capital Han’gyeong and the old capital Gaeseong as official Capitals at the same time, as a convention inherited from the Goryeo period.BR Second, the Gae’gyeong Capital of Goryeo, and the Gyeong’gi region in the Goryeo period, were under stronger supervision of the Central government, than the Han’gyeong capital and the Joseon Gyeong’gi region ever were. This was due to Goryeo’s own needs to suppress and control powerful local regions and the factions living there.BR Third, the relationship between Hanseong-bu and Gaeseong-bu authorities (in the early Joseon period) resembled the relationship that existed between Gaeseong-bu and Seo’gyeong Yusu-gwan during the Goryeo period. But of course there were differences. In the Joseon period, both Hanseong-bu and Gaeseong-bu offices were manned by central governmental officials, and enjoyed virtually the same rank, but Hanseong-bu’s authority was clearly superior to that of Gaeseong-bu.BR Fourth, both Gae’gyeong and Han’gyeong cities had five Bu sectors, and several Bang(坊) counties, 35 in Gae’gyeong, and 52 in Han’gyeong. Han’gyeong was much smaller than Gae’gyeong, but had more Bang counties. Meanwhile, the Ri counties’ role as an administrative unit significantly diminished in Joseon.BR Fifth, there seems to have been a historical relationship between the Four Gyo areas[Sagyo, 四郊] of the Gae’gyeong capital, and the space that existed inside a 10-ri radius of the Han’gyeong capital walls(Seongjeo Shibri, 城底十里). The boundaries formed by the 4 Gyo areas of Goryeo were established initially 10 ri-units away from the Naseong(羅城) Wall, but that line later further regressed to 20 ri-units from the Wall. Buk’gyo(北郊) was at the farthest. This feature seems to have at least partially inspired the formation of Joseon dynasty’s Seongjeo Shibri.BR As we can see, the Goryeo dynasty, which enjoyed plurality in the people’s religious lives, with Buddhism firmly at its center, and the Joseon dynasty, which observed a unitary order based on Neo-Confucianism, tried to instill their own aspirations into the running of their own respective capital spaces. Their aspirations were different from each other, and as a result Gae’gyeong and Han’gyeong capitals came to feature ideological differences.