Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) is currently pandemic in spite of ongoing global vaccination and still a big global health problem. COVID-19 causes serious damage to various vital organs including especially the respiratory system. In addition, various evidence has been recently accumulated according to relationship between thyroid gland and COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 bind the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)2 with the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) as the key molecular complex for entering to human host cells. Therefore, expression and body localization of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are crucial to track the potential target organ of COVID-19. Because expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are high in the thyroid gland and pituitary gland, abnormal immune responses and cytokine storm associated to COVID-19 may induce thyroid inflammation and the changes in the thyroid gland and hypothalamus-pitutiary-thyroid axis. COVID-19-related biochemical thyroid disorders could include thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, nonthyroidal illness syndrome. This review summarizes the alteration in thyroid function during COVID-19 and effect of thyroid dysfunction on prognosis and mortality of COVID-19. (J Clinical Otolaryngol 2021;32:179-188)
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