广西桉树种植的历史、现状、生态问题及应对策略

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广西是我国桉树种植的主要区域，桉树产业已成为广西的优势产业、特色产业、民生产业。新世纪推进广西桉树产业发展，不仅对广西经济社会的全面发展具有重要作用，而且对促进全国桉树产业及整个经济社会的可持续发展具有重要意义。通过调查研究回顾了广西桉树种植的历史，认为19世纪初广西即开始从法国引种桉树，但面积小、发展慢。新中国成立后，广西桉树种植经历了3个发展阶段，即：起步阶段（1949-1977年）、推广阶段（1978-2000年）和大发展阶段（2001年至今）。当前，广西桉树种植的现状是：分布广、产量高、效益好、贡献巨大、地位突出。但广西大面积种植桉树人工林，也面临着耗水、耗肥、“有毒”、“沙漠”、“退化”、灾害六个突出问题亟待研究解决。为使新世纪广西桉树产业的又好又快发展，应遵循3大原则：可持续发展原则、因地制宜原则和循序渐进原则，同时，应采取以下6项具体措施：一是科学规划；二是合理布局；三是优化结构；四是产业带动；五是改善条件；六是发展科技。;Eucalyptus is one of three species (Eucalyptus, poplar, pine) of fast-growing trees in China. Because Eucalyptus grows rapidly, afforestation of a Eucalyptus forest can be achieved in a short period of time making the species a very popular plantation species. China highly praises the use of eucalyptus, especially in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian and other tropical and subtropical regions. Eucalyptus plantings have a long history and feature several favorable characteristics such as being well adapted to optimum growing conditions in the provinces that led to its popularity. Guangxi is a major area of eucalyptus plantations. The eucalyptus industry has become the one of the dominant and specialized industries of the province, and serves as a source of livelihood for rural people living in Guangxi. The promotion of the industrial development of eucalyptus plantations in Guangxi in this new century not only plays an important role in the overall economic and social development of the province, but also has great significance in the promotion of the sustainable development of the national timber industry and it supports the entire scale of economic and social development. The author reviewed the history of Eucalyptus plantations in Guangxi, which began in the early 19^th century from France. In the early 19^th century, the area of Eucalyptus plantations was small and developed slowly. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, development of Eucalyptus plantations went through three stages: an initial stage (1949-1977), a promotional phase (1978-2000) and a large-scale development phase (2001-present). Currently, Eucalyptus plantations in Guangxi are widely distributed, cover a large area, exhibit high yield, are effective in providing timber and afforestation, and make great contributions to local economies; these give Eucalyptus a prominent position in forestry of the region. Eucalyptus plantations and forests in Guangxi are distributed in almost all regions with hills and mountains, or near villages and streets. In 2012, the area of Eucalyptus plantations reached 1.87 million hm². Currently, Guangxi eucalyptus timber production accounts for over 70% of the region's total timber production. Eucalyptus plantations in Guangxi have sound economic, ecological, and social characteristics. The annual forest growth, annual harvest volume, and the net increase of forest volume in Guangxi all rank first in the country for Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus is the largest production base of wood in China and provides a strategic core wood supply for the national reserve base. In certain respects, Eucalyptus plantings have many positive ecological effects, such as carbon sequestration and oxygen release providing for e.g. a cleaner environment, forest protection, and climate regulation. The ecological benefits of planting Eucalyptus are significant. In other respects, the massive planting of Eucalyptus in Guangxi inevitably brings negative impacts on the environment. Large-scale cultivation of Eucalyptus plantations in Guangxi cause several problems that need to be studied if solutions are to be found, including problems related to water and fertilizer consumption, toxic effects to livestock, as well as desertification, land degradation and disasters related to Eucalyptus plantations. Eucalyptus plantations have created an important industry that is characteristic of Guangxi, and currently provide a source of livelihood for local people. China needs to vigorously develop this industry to provide a source of livelihood for local people by implementing a western-style developmental strategy, and by promoting comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable economic and social development in Guangxi and other western provinces and autonomous regions. In this sense, the prospects for the development of the Eucalyptus industry are very broad. To enable rapid development of the Eucalyptus industry in the new century, we should follow three principles, the principles of enabling sustainable development, adapting to local conditions and developing the process gradually. We need to employ the following six specific measures: scientific planning, rational distribution on the landscape, optimization of the structure of plantations, using reasonable planning methods for the industry, improving conditions for local people, and including the development of technology.