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This article focuses on a specific issue that emerged in the Arbitral Award on the Enrica Lexie case delivered in May 2020. The dispute involved Italy and India in relation to the killings of Indian fishermen by Italian marines in the waters outside India. The incident raised several legal issues concerning the application of the law of the sea, the legal determination of anti-piracy actions by States and jurisdictional immunities. The purpose of this article is to focus on one specific issue that emerges from this case: the uncertain legal status of security personnel deployed on private vessels in relation to anti-piracy protection. The first part of the article shall consider the status of military personnel deployed on merchant ships for anti-piracy protection. The problem is central to the matter because, depending on the definition of their status, limitations on the exercise of jurisdiction by other States may emerge. The second part of this article discusses more broadly the status of military and private security personnel in actions that could be defined as ‘international policing or security’ activities, which should be better clarified through better international cooperation, exchange of information and clear rules. A more defined legal setting for anti-piracy activities would prevent possible future disputes in similar cases. Furthermore, it would be useful to have clearer rules that could be applied also to face other types of crimes that occur on the sea.

Currently, in accordance with the regulations of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the main indicator for assessing nutritional status is the body mass index, which does not take into account the component composition of the body. At the same time, it is necessary to assess in more detail the composition of the body of military personnel, that is, the ratio of its muscle and fat components. The purpose of the study is the scientific and methodological substantiation of the need to introduce an additional criterion for assessing the nutritional status of military personnel, that characterize body composition - the body fat percentage. Material and methods. The study involved 1.373 male military personnel aged 18 to 53 who underwent a medical examination. The following methods were used: anthropometry, bioimpedancemetry, caliperometry. Results. Various methods for determining the fat component of the body have been studied. The analysis of the data obtained showed that all methods for determining the body fat percentage have highly significant correlations among themselves and with bioimpedancemetry data. All coefficients had high reliability p<0.001 at r>0.7. When the values of the body mass index deviate from the normative ones, it is proposed to use the indicator of the body fat percentage to clarify the assessment of the nutritional status of male military personnel. Based on the data obtained, modern algorithms for assessing the nutritional status of military personnel have been developed for use in the practice of military health care at various levels of medical support for military personnel. Conclusion. As a result of a prospective study, the need to introduce an additional criterion for assessing the nutritional status of male military personnel was substantiated and proved, and calculation methods for assessing the fat component of the body, comparable with bioimpedancemetry data, were determined. Algorithms for determining the nutritional status of servicemen for different levels of medical support have been developed. In conditions where special devices for determining the fat component of the body are not included in the supply standards of the medical service, it is recommended to calculate the body fat percentage by girth methods using a centimeter tape.

The article is devoted to the study of certain issues related to the participation of military personnel in contractual obligations. The author identifies that the complex processes of formation and development of institutions of civil society, the construction of a legal state, and the reform of the legal system could not help but lead to a change in the legal status of various population groups, the emergence of new subjects of law, which, in turn, influenced the perception and reinterpretation of the concept of “subject of law,” highlighting the distinctive features of such a category as “military personnel-special subjects.” The author states that the definition of the status of military personnel as a special subject of law is significant for the legal regulation of their behavior, determining their status in connection with interaction with other subjects of law - entry into contractual relations. By analyzing the normative legal acts that regulate the legal status of military personnel, gaps have been identified that should be taken into account in the conclusion, performance, and termination of contractual obligations involving military personnel. However, given that the legislator currently does not have a clear algorithm for resolving these issues, they require additional legislative regulation. In the process of research, it was determined that a military serviceman may be a party to civil obligations. Thus, the performance of civil obligations involving military personnel is determined, first of all, by the corresponding articles of the Civil Code, and secondly, by specific types of civil contracts. The author specifies that military personnel enter into contractual relations during their free time from military service: 1) in the military barracks - as customers in the barber’s shop, in military trade and grocery stores - as buyers; 2) when engaging in pedagogical, scientific and other creative activities, if it does not interfere with the performance of military service duties; 3) outside of service and outside the military unit - as passengers, clients, consumers, buyers. In these civil legal relations, military personnel have corresponding obligations as clients, buyers, performers - lecturers, passengers, clients, consumers. The performance of these obligations is determined by the corresponding articles of the Civil Code and civil contracts. The article outlines the problems associated with defining the special status of military personnel and their participation in contractual obligations, and suggests ways to address them.

The article analyses the legal status of military personnel, the specific features of the legal regulation of their service, and the interrelation between military duties, civil rights, and freedoms. It is noted that the legal status of military personnel requires improvement, especially in the current context of military aggression. The author emphasizes the importance of utilizing the experience of European Union countries to enhance national legislation and align it with international standards. The concept of political neutrality of military personnel, which is a fundamental element in ensuring the functionality and trust in the armed forces, is explored. A comparative analysis of legal approaches to this issue in EU countries, including France, Germany, Spain, Denmark, and the United Kingdom, is presented. The study highlights the peculiarities of the exercise of voting rights by military personnel, their participation in public associations, and the restrictions on political activity that balance the interests of military service and the status of military personnel. Special attention is given to the issues of disciplinary liability of military personnel, the specifics of imposing disciplinary sanctions, mechanisms for protecting the rights of military personnel in disciplinary proceedings, and the role of these mechanisms in maintaining military discipline. A comparison of Ukrainian legislation and legal approaches in EU countries is provided, including the differentiation of types of disciplinary sanctions, the procedure for bringing personnel to account, and the correlation between disciplinary and criminal liability. The study also examines the harmonization of the regulation of working hours, rest periods, and leave for military personnel. In this context, models of «constant readiness,» the peculiarities of regulatory provisions concerning duty hours, and comparisons with labor law norms in European countries are analyzed. It is concluded that integrating European experience into Ukraine’s legal system is a necessary condition for harmonizing military service legislation. This will improve the efficiency of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, ensure adequate protection of the rights of military personnel, and strengthen law and order as well as military discipline in the face of modern challenges.

The HIV /AIDS pandemic has a peculiarity with persons employed in the security forces, health care delivery chain and students in hostels. Security personnel are especially vulnerable because they operate predominantly away from home for long periods of time and also, away from their regular sexual partners. Despite the many awareness programmes instituted by governments and non-governmental organisations, to fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS in Namibia, the pandemic continues to claim lives on a daily basis. It is against this background that this study was conducted. The study investigated the management of HIV/AIDS at the Namibia Security Forces (NSF) and nature of workforce. Data from a sample of 96 respondents was collected employing questionnaire design through purposive and convenient sampling approaches and consequently analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v. 11. 5).The results showed that 62 percent of the security forces personnel from the survey conducted had experienced frequent transfers or redeployments from their original work locations to foreign missions or outside duty stations as work duty demands. On the frequency of occurrence of transfer, 39 percent had either been transferred once or twice from their duty stations to outside work stations, while 15 percent had been transferred 3 to 4 times since joining the force. Furthermore, the findings from the study therefore imply that security forces personnel are more vulnerable to exposure to HIV/AIDS due to the nature of their work (data for this assertion is required_ at least from some reading if not from the survey itself). Conclusively, it is recommended that management should henceforth adopt strategic management approach to managing the HIV pandemic in their workplace in addition to the awareness and educational programmes. Key words: HIV/AIDS management, mobile workforce, security forces, Namibia.

The primary role of border security personnel is to safeguard borders against illegal trans-border activities during peacetime and provide military support during wartime. Medical facilities are available to residents, offering direct oral care for minor procedures, with comprehensive dental treatments managed through empanelled clinics under a government insurance system. This study aimed to evaluate the oral health status, treatment needs, and prevalence of oral pre-malignant conditions among security forces personnel and their families at training centres in Delhi NCR. A multi-centric crosssectional study was conducted at three training centres. Permission was obtained from BSF headquarters for the oral health screening program. Oral health education topics included oral cancer screening, early detection, oral diseases, their prevention, and tobacco cessation. Brief explanations of dental procedures, such as pit and fissure sealants, dental caries restoration, and root canal treatments, were provided. Demonstrations of proper brushing techniques and oral hygiene maintenance measures were conducted. Participants were encouraged to discuss experiences and challenges, which were addressed by attending clinicians. Following the sessions, oral screenings identified oral diseases and premalignant lesions. Affected participants were informed about their condition and referred for treatment. Those using tobacco were counselled, provided with educational materials, and motivated to quit. The study concluded that the oral health status of BSF personnel was comparable to the general population, possibly due to the rigorous physical and medical fitness criteria required during recruitment.

The author formulates the contradictions that cause the inconsistency of the composition and tactical and technical characteristics of combat equipment of security (defense) forces personnel with the requirements of practice. The generalized structure of the system of combat equipment for security (defense) forces personnel is presented. On the basis of the analysis of typical scenarios of performing tasks by security forces units, the reasons influencing the choice of combat equipment elements are identified. The author substantiates the list of tactical and technical characteristics of combat equipment for security forces personnel, which are subject to regulation in order to obtain combat equipment complexes that meet the requirements of practice.

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the possibility of tracking and identifying military and other security personnel, operating in secretive or restricted areas. Such exposure might have dire consequences from the perspective of counterintelligence or physical security. Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) and Social Media Intelligence methods and techniques were employed to gather and analyse information on security and military personnel and expose their activities on-line. The case studies presented in the article exemplify utilisation of the new “Suunto” fitness application for open-source-based intelligence research. Despite general Operational Security rules that require all personal data such as names, pictures and habits to be kept discreet, open-source based research with one of the most popular fitness applications allowed the identification of military personnel and government agents operating in Afghanistan, Mali, Syria or working at national military facilities. In a single case, it took the author less than thirty minutes to identify personal details of a US Army soldier in Afghanistan and a Special Forces officer in one of the European countries and obtain their home addresses and pictures of them and their families. The results of the research show how OSINT techniques concerning fitness applications are useful both for intelligence and counterintelligence, specifically for malicious and terrorist purposes, and how necessary it is to make fitness and other, supposedly personal, activity private, especially for those who carry out sensitive missions and work in a restricted or secretive environment.

Military personnel are in high-risk group for health disorders, musculoskeletal pathology and psychological overload. We provide evaluation of the anthropometric parameters and health status of military personnel, Cadets, who have participated in ten days duration Combat training course. Combat training course is associated with life-style change – social, environmental, climate and geographical conditions, biorhythms, nutrition etc., with an increase in physical and psych emotional loads. It is characterized with transition from daily routine of military study process in National Defence academy to military exercise in external environment. Cadets faced to feeding limitation, sleeping deprivation intensive and continuous training, strict discipline etc. We provided analysis of anthropometric parameters before, and in time of Combat training course, summarized data of health statement and health problems that were fixed in the medical cards. The proper body mass supports good health capacity and we provided assessment of it. Physical fitness and body composition have adverse effect on military performance. Body composition undergoes changes during higher physical load performance. Military personnel have high risk to health, concerning impact of external and internal factors. According the review of medical cards of cadets group, we indicated main problems, which are fixed after the Combat training course.

This chapter examines the status of PMSC personnel used by armed groups in non-international armed conflict. The involvement of PMSCs in various areas may be extended to include fighting in an internal armed conflict alongside an armed group. Some PMSCs have already had contracts with non-State actors. According to Singer, for instance, the Israeli military firm Spearhead had contracts with drug cartels and anti-government militias in Colombia to provide them with combat training and support services. While no practical example involving the hiring of PMSCs when they are used by an armed group in a non-international armed conflict currently exists, this chapter hypothesises that they are used by armed groups to fight against government forces or other armed groups. In response to this hypothesis, this chapter again raises a question concerning the legal status of PMSC personnel when armed groups use them. In order to answer this question, the definition of non-international armed conflict and the status of members of armed groups must be clarified.

The article provides a general theoretical analysis of the legal status of military personnel and their family members in the context of modern challenges caused by armed aggression against Ukraine, the transformation of the national security system and the need to ensure proper social and legal protection of the specified category of persons. It is emphasized that the legal status of a military personnel is complex and includes both the general rights of a citizen of Ukraine and special rights, obligations, restrictions and guarantees arising in connection with military service. The author proves that this status is dynamic and depends on the type of service, its conditions (peace or wartime), changes in legislation and the practice of its implementation. The study clarifies the structure of the legal status of a military serviceman, which includes the general (constitutional), special (professional) and individual levels. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the restrictions that accompany military service, in particular the ban on participation in strikes, political parties, and entrepreneurial activity. The legal guarantees of the rights of military servicemen are revealed, including the right to judicial protection, legal assistance, social and pension security. The relevance of increasing the level of social protection of military servicemen under martial law is separately emphasized. The key problems of regulatory regulation are highlighted - the fragmentation of legislation, the vagueness of terminology, the lack of a comprehensive approach to determining the status of military personnel and their families. The emphasis is on the need to harmonize national legislation with international standards for the protection of human rights. The article also analyzes the legal status of family members of military personnel, determines its derivative, but independent nature. Attention is drawn to the gaps in the legislation related to the definition of the circle of persons entitled to social protection. It is proposed to clarify the definition of «family members of military personnel», in particular, with regard to persons who lived in one family without official marriage. The author emphasizes the need for legislative consolidation of an expanded list of subjects of social protection and stabilization of pension provision for persons discharged from military service.

The article shows the role of emergency legislation during the Great Patriotic War in the mobilization of forces and means for the defense of the country, its impact on all spheres of state activity in order to create a single combat camp of the front and rear. The definition of the service and legal status of military personnel is given, the composition of the Armed Forces of the USSR and the troops of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of its members is revealed. The author analyzes the impact of normative legal acts of wartime on the official and legal status of NKVD troops, as part of the analysis, an example of the negative impact of the double subordination of NKVD troops — direct to its People’s Commissariat and operational — to the military administration of the Red Army of the People’s Commissariat of Defense of the USSR is given. The article shows an example of a legal epiphenomenon — a legal fact that had a significant impact on the official and legal status of the NKVD troops, but did not lead to its transition to a new qualitative level. The impact of emergency legislation on the rights, benefits, and social security of NKVD troops, their family members, and war invalids was also noted. The analysis of the legal responsibility of military personnel “according to the laws of wartime” is carried out, during which a significant impact of criminal liability on the official and legal status of front-line soldiers of the NKVD troops is established. The article emphasizes the need to use the positive historical experience of legal regulation during the Great Patriotic War to improve the current legislation of the Russian Federation in difficult modern military-political conditions, where one of the important problems is the establishment of an effective service and legal status of military personnel taking part in a special military operation.

Patient Safety Versus Workplace Safety: Stun Gun Debate Illustrates Dueling Federal Mandates

Objective: To analyze the status of personnel in occupational disease prevention and treatment institutions in Hunan Province, China, from 1996 to 2015, to predict staff composition using grey model (GM) (1, 1) , and to provide a scientific basis and reference for optimizing human resource planning of occupational disease prevention and treatment in other provinces and regions and promoting the service capacity of the institutions. Methods: The data of the staff in occupational disease prevention and treatment institutions in Hunan Province, China, from 1996 to 2015 were obtained from the established basic information management system. The descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the dynamic changes in number and composition of the staff and the GM (1, 1) was used to predict the staff composition. Results: The numbers of the staff members in 1996 and 2015 in occupational disease prevention and treatment institutions in Hunan Province, China were 1591 and 1429, respectively. In the twenty years, the main education level of the staff transformed from "technical secondary school education and non-academic qualifications" to "bachelor degree or above and college degree"; the main major of the staff transformed from "other majors" to "public health and clinical medicine"; the proportion of the staff members without professional titles changed from >1/3 to 5%; and the proportions of the staff members with senior, intermediate, and junior professional titles were steadily rising. GM prediction showed that the proportions of highly educated staff members in 2018 and 2020 would be up to 41.00% and 45.61%, respectively; and the proportions of the staff members with a major in public health in 2018 and 2020 would be up to 44.15% and 46.60%, respectively. Conclusion: The staff in occupational disease prevention and treatment institutions in Hunan Province, China, in the twenty years have slight changes in staff size and great improvement in staff quality, which is beneficial to sustainable development of the occupational disease prevention and treatment undertakings. The education level and major will be further optimized in the next five years.

Objective To study various influencing factors on fatigue and differences in fatigue sensation between males and females,through investigation of fatigue symptoms among shipboard personnel during Harmony-2013.Methods An investigation on fatigue status of military personnel during Harmony-2013 was made by using self-made general demographic data questionnaire and the Self-conscious Fatigue Symptoms questionnaire by Japanese Industrial Hygiene Association Institute.Results During 3-month deployment at sea,the fatigue scores obtained in second month for both male and female military personnel were obviously higher than those obtained in first and third months (P ＜ 0.01).The fatigue scores of females in second month significantly elevated than those of males during same period(P ＜ 0.01).Gender,age,occupation and sleep quality were major influential factors affecting fatigue.Conclusions The fatigue cores of females who participated in Mission Harmony were higher than those of males.Objective assessment of mental status,occupation and sleep quality were chief factors affecting fatigue. Key words: Mission Harmony; Prolonged deployment at sea; Fatigue