日本中世における「土民」たちの主体性について

Abstract

In 1428, residents of suburban of Kyoto who were described “Domin” (土民), meaning ordinary people or locals, in one primary source caused an upheaval. They took violence actions requiring the administration and money lenders for implementing Tokusei (徳政). This term has indicated regulations which make lenders abandon claims for free from the 14th century to now in Japanese society. The purpose of this paper is crystalizing the undercurrent of their violence. In short, I anticipate they used their own forces according to the firm intention. Additionally, I suppose this intention might root on the memory they could have throughout experiences they and their ancestors had gain relating with administrations. I attempt to make clear what experiences they had had and what memory they were able to have in 1428 as its result. Famously the policy named Tokusei had been implemented in ancient era, especially from the8th century. On the other hand, what had been done at that era was different from what Domin required in the 15th century despite of having the same name. The ancient administration had relieved those who were in trouble, released criminals, declined taxes under this name. Somewhen meaning of this term had changed obviously. This paper demonstrates we can grasp ancient Tokusei and medieval one as one consecutive behavior if we adopt the viewpoint time. I suppose Tokusei was a sort of chrono-policy which made time oscillate between two poles, present and past. Though that meant the policy which renewed entire society by empowering time back to the ideal past primarily, its function was delimited working at the moment of contract alone. The turning point was the Koan (弘安) era. The Kamakura shogunate implemented the reform named Koan Tokusei soon after the secondary Mongolian attack. This policy which ordered ordinary people to return their properties to shrines structed the recognition that Tokusei was the name of policy which cancellate contracts for free. Domin in 1428 and their ancestors had received some benefits from Tokusei since ancient era. Additionally, they had witnessed someone else lost properties or lost their own properties soon after the Mongolian attacks. This paper concludes they took action relying on the memory which had consisted of these experiences.